-
During the early phases of the French Revolution, the National parliament became the National Constituent Assembly, a constituent parliament in the Kingdom of France. On September 30, 1791, it was disbanded, and the Legislative Assembly took its place. While in power on a daily basis, the National Assembly created a constitution for the new government. A limited monarchy with a distinct separation of powers was established, and the king had the authority to choose and remove his ministers.
-
The three pre-revolutionary French estates—clergy, aristocracy, and commons—met at the Estates-General in 1789. In order to address the financial and social crises, King Louis XVI of France summoned the Third Estate, which ultimately broke away from royal authority and established a National Assembly. Most people agree that it marked the beginning of the French Revolution (1789–1799).The king had received petitions from the estates and had been consulted on fiscal policy by the Estates-General. -
It was an act of defiance by the Third Estate during the Estates-General meeting.
The Third Estate deputies came to the realization that the two privileged orders would always have more votes than them. In an attempt to stop the meeting, the monarch closed the Menus-Plaisirs hall in Versailles. However, on June 20, the deputies discovered the door was barred, so they went to a hall where real tennis was being played. The renowned Oath of the Real Tennis Room was taken there. -
On July 14, Parisians took guns and stormed the Bastille, a state prison located on the city's east side. The episode turned into one of the pivotal moments in the subsequent Revolution, and the prison came to represent the monarchy's autocratic control. The storming of the Bastille established a precedent: For the first time in modern history, the people assured the establishment of a constitutional form of democratic governance by banding together in the streets. -
The French Revolution and French history both benefited greatly from the August Decrees. The National Constituent Assembly passed a set of 19 articles on August 4, 1789, ending the higher classes' tax exemption privileges and outlawing feudalism in France. They state that among feudal and taxable rights and obligations, those pertaining to personal service and real succession rights, as well as those that reflect them, are eliminated without payment. -
A key document of the French Revolution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was passed by the National Constituent Assembly of France on August 26, 1789, granting civil rights to certain commoners while excluding a sizable portion of the French populace. It is a manifestation of universal human rights, which are applicable everywhere and at all times. Liberty, property, security, and resistance against oppression are these rights. -
From October 1791 until September 1792, the Legislative Assembly ruled France. The National Constituent Assembly was superseded by it. The 1791 Constitution established a constitutional monarchy with Louis XVI as the head of state and established the Legislative Assembly. It put new measures into place to support the development of an autonomous society with equal rights. New laws pertaining to divorce, government control over registration, and children's rights were among these improvements.
-
The royal family's abortive effort to flee their house imprisonment is detailed in The Flight to Varennes. The following day, they were found, taken into custody, and brought back to the capital. Because it revealed the king's unreliability and the unworkability of the recently enacted constitution, the flight to Varennes marked a watershed in the French Revolution. Radical journalists and the Paris sections called for the immediate removal of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. -
During the French Revolution, the National Convention was a one-chamber assembly that met in France from Sep 20, 1792, until Oct 26, 1795. Following the Insurrection on August 10, 1792, it succeeded the Legislative Assembly and established the First Republic. It was the first legislature in France to be chosen by universal male suffrage without regard to class. It was split into two major groups: the Montagnards, who were far more extreme, and the Girondins, who stood for the more moderate parts
-
On April 20,1792,a revolutionary war against Austria was proclaimed.The Girondins,who were now serving in the king's administration,were allegedly preparing a military assault on the Austrian Netherlands,according to stories that Marie Antoinette heard.In the spring of 1792,the Girondin ministry pressed for war with Austria.The Legislative Assembly declared war at their insistence.Louis XVI fired the Girondin cabinet because the army was weak and the country's financial crisis was getting worse. -
A pivotal event in the French Revolution was the Storming of the Tuileries Palace, also called the Insurrection of 10 August, in which the revolutionary lower classes of Paris and provincial militias broke into King Louis XVI's home and slaughtered his Swiss Guards. They sought to topple King Louis XVI because they were upset about his lack of support for the French Revolution. With the event, France's monarchy was essentially gone and a new stage of the Revolution began. -
In November 1792, evidence of Louis' anti-revolutionary views and correspondence with foreign powers was found in a secret cabinet in Tuileries Palace. The deputies declared Louis guilty and sentenced him to death; his execution would not be postponed.Louis was publicly executed at the Place de la Révolution in Paris on January 21, 1793, as part of the French Revolution -
Robespierre insisted that internal adversaries continued to pose a threat despite being labeled a moderate by the left and a failed despot by the right. On July 27, 1794, some National Convention members preemptively denounced Robespierre and declared him an outlaw out of fear that they had been singled out for execution. Robespierre was brought to the Place de la Révolution the following day, when he was put to death by guillotine in front of an enthusiastic audience. -
From November 2, 1795, to November 9, 1799, France was governed by the French Directory. The French Directory established several sister republics and managed France's successes in the French Revolutionary Wars. It led France through the final four years of the French Revolution until Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew it on November 9, 1799, at the Coup of 18 Brumaire. Despite military victories, the Directory was unpopular due to civil instability and economic crises.
-
After the French Directory and before the First French Empire, the French Consulate ruled France from November 1799 until May 18, 1804. The consulate was established when General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and assumed the title of "First Consul" of France. It is frequently referred to as a "military dictatorship" since the consulate had an authoritarian, centralized republican administration. Napoleon was elected Emperor of the newly formed French Empire in 1804.
-
Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor on December 2, 1804, and began more campaigns to expand his expanding empire. However, Napoleon controlled almost all of continental Europe by 1810. In the "War of Liberation," Napoleon lost Paris in 1814. But the Napoleonic Wars ended with the Waterloo campaign, which took place from June 12 to 18. The Empire is renowned for its agricultural innovations and general economic growth, which especially benefited the bourgeois.
-
Napoleon's ambitions to invade England were foiled and British naval supremacy was entrenched for over a century after the Battle of Trafalgar, which took place on October 21, 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars. It took place between Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar, west of Cape Trafalgar, Spain. Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve's 33-ship fleet (18 French and 15 Spanish) engaged in combat with Admiral Horatio Nelson's 27-ship British fleet. The Royal Navy's most well-known win came from this victory -
One of Napoleon's greatest triumphs was the Battle of Austerlitz, which took place in 1805 and marked the start of the War of the Third Coalition. General M.I. Kutuzov's 90,000 Russians and Austrians were routed by his 68,000 troops, compelling Austria to make peace with France and temporarily removing Prussia from the anti-French coalition. Napoleon's forces contributed to the dismantling of the old, aristocratic world's political systems and the establishment of democracy and equality. -
Napoleon was decisively defeated at the Battle of Leipzig, which took place between October 16 and October 19, 1813, and destroyed any remaining French influence in Germany and Poland. over 185,000 French and foreign troops under Napoleon and over 320,000 allied troops, including Austrian, Prussian, Russian, and Swedish forces, engaged in combat at Leipzig. Napoleon took control of the Leipzig position with the intention of dividing and attacking his opponents one by one. -
Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated and the French Empire fell as a result of the Battle of Waterloo, but the Congress of Vienna, which redefined continental borders and endangered absolute monarchies since the French Revolution, also altered the trajectory of European history. The French army faced up against German, Dutch, and British forces. Following the war, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena as popular sentiment in France shifted against him.