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National Children's Bureau
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Arnstein - 'Ladder of Citizen Participation'
Sherry Arnstein created a 'ladder of citizen participation'. -
The National Union of School Students (NUSS) was established.
The founding conference of the National Union of School Students was held on 20th May 1972. -
Gillick Competency and Fraser Guidelines
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The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 12)
Article 12 states;
"Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child." -
Children's Act 1989
Section 22 - the importance of considering the feelings and wishes of young people. -
NUSS was replaced by English Secondary Students Association (ESSA)
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The UK and Ireland formally agreed to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
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'Ladder of Citizen Participation' Adapted by Hart.
Hart adapted the ladder for UNICEF in 1992, as a metaphor for participatory initatives involving children and young people. -
Children's Rights Development Unit
Set up to monitor the implementation of the convention and made article 12 a main focus of it's work. -
Pathways to Participation - Shier
Shier offered an alternative view of the levels of participation and acceptance of the student voice, based on 5 levels of participation and including three stages of commitment at each level. -
Education Act 2002
Section 176 - "Working together - Giving children and young people a say" -
"Building a Culture of Participation" DfES.
Provides an overview of research (National Children's Bureau and PK Research Consultancy) about participation activities being undertaken in the UK. -
Every Child Matters (Green Paper)
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Children's Act 2004
Introduced a Childrens Commisioner to represent and promote the views and interests of children. -
Osler. A (2010) Students' Perspectives on Schooling.
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New EYFS Published
