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He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence. Also introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys for collecting data on humans.
More than 10,000 visitorys received an assessment of their "intellectual strengths" by Francis Galton. The test was inacurate. -
Alfred Binet was a psyhcologist who invented the first prcatical intelligence test, that discovered kids with special needs in education.
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William stern was the creator of the idea to implement such test in order to define a human being's intelligence.
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The frist official test to measure five factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal questions. The five factors being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning.
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Edward Thorndike creates the concept of social intelligence.It's a person’s competence to understand his or her environment optimally and react appropriately for socially successful conduct/social acceptence.
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"... the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment."- Wechsler-Bellevue
Wechsler creates a new test that relies less on the ability to speak, for adults and teenagers. -
Raymond Cattell proposes two types of cognitive abilities. Fluid intelligence and crystallized is the capacity to think logically and solve problems with acquired knowledge
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Guilford's Structure of inetlligence theory states that an individual's performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence. His theory consists of intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions — Operations, Content, and Products.
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Howard Gardner's theory proposed that there were eight abilities that he held to meet intelligence criteria: musical–rhythmic, visual–spatial, verbal–linguistic, logical–mathematical, bodily–kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
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John Carroll proposes a theory of cognitive ability that consists of three layers that are defined as representing narrow, broad, and general cognitive ability.
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Neuroimaging studies and clinical studies of individuals with learning disabilities make it clear that the brain is modularized. Looking at one variable is not the way to go if you're studying learning disabilities, attention disorders, mental retardation, and interventions for such disabilities.
