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The 14th Amendment extended liberties and rights granted by the Bill of Rights to formerly enslaved people and granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States. This Amendment guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”
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The 15th Amendment banned the denial or abridgment of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Amendment effectively gave African-American men the right to vote.
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Was presented to congress in 1878 However, a suffrage amendment did not pass the House of Representatives until May 21, 1919, which was quickly followed by the Senate, on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification, achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption, and thereby go into effect, on August 18, 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was certified on August 26, 1920.
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A case in which the Court held that state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal”
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Henry Moskowitz issued a call for a meeting to discuss racial justice. The goals of the NAACP were the abolition of segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial violence, particularly lynching.
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The 19th Amendment legally guarantees American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle but for a good cause. This Amendment gave the right of citizens of the United States to vote and shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex
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In the case the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts could not enforce real estate covenants that restricted the purchase or sale of property based on race. State court enforcement of restrictive covenants constitutes state action, and thus violates the 14th Amendment.
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The Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. This movement helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.
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Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955, after she refused to give up her seat on a crowded bus to a white passenger in which was a violation of the city’s racial segregation laws.
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This act prohibits/ed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, As well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing. This act insured the ban of segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination
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After Kennedy's assassination in November, President Lyndon Johnson pressed hard, with the support of Roy Wilkins and Clarence Mitchell, to secure the bill's passage the following year. In 1964.
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National Organization for Women was founded by a group of activists who wanted to end sex discrimination. Today, the organization remains as a cornerstone of the women's rights movement. it was formed to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.
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The Supreme Court held that the “freedom of choice” plan was not a sufficient step to bring about a desegregated unitary school system when they failed to result in a racially nondiscriminatory, unitary school system. The court thus ordered the school board in New Kent county to formulate a new desegregation plan and to consider other efforts, such as zoning.
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Charlotte was charged with maintaining segregated public schools and defying the Supreme Court's decision to desegregate public schools with "all deliberate speed. The Supreme Court of the United States unanimously upheld busing programs that aimed to speed up the racial integration of public schools in the United States.
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As the proposition was approved it stated, state cannot discriminate against or grant preferential treatment on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, and public contracting. Therefore, Proposition 209 banned the use of affirmative action involving race-based or sex-based preferences in California.