-
The Abolishment of Georgia's White Primary cont.
Both Eugene and Herman Talmadge, two of Georgia’s governors, wanted to keep the white primary and to keep the south from evolving away from racism. Nethertheless, Georgia’s white primary was abolished. As a result, over 116,000 blacks starting voting within a small number of monthes. -
The Abolishment of Georgia's White Primary
Picture LocationEvent Resource The White Primary was a Democratic political election that only whites could participate in. It was basically the main election in Georgia, so it was a big deal that only whites could vote in it. A black citizen named Primus E. King was denied the right to vote in Columbus, Georgia; he went to the federal court for the issue. The federal judicial ruling was won by Primus, and it declared the white primary invalid in Georgia letting blacks to be able to vote. -
Period: to
The Civil Rights Movement
-
The Integration of the Armed Forces
Picture Location Event Resource President Harry S. Truman signed an executive order to begin the integration of the armed forces. At the time, America was slowly moving towards the integration of society. This lead the president to believe that the military needed to be integrated. Black citizens were being given the right to vote, so they should be able to fight for their country in the point of view of the government. -
The Integration of the Armed Forces cont. 2
Although President Truman signed an executive order, it did not specifically state that the military would become integrated. Army General Omar Bradley announced at a press conference that he thought that the army would only become integrated when the rest of society was. Army Secretary Kenneth Royall later stated that the Army must be integrated, but it wasn’t the highest priority. -
The Integration of the Armed Forces cont. 3
The military forces were then integrated, but there was a time in transition from Truman’s executive order to the actual integration. This was another step towards the integration of America. -
Brown v. Board of Education Court Case
Picture Location Event Resource The Brown v. Board of Education case was a court case about Linda Brown, a black third-grader that had to walk a mile away to get to the nearest black school when a white school was much closer. Linda’s father once tried to enroll Linda in the white school, but she was denied. The court had to choose whether they should allow segregation in public schools or not. -
Brown v. Board of Education Court Case cont.
In the final decision of the Supreme Court, it was said that segregation takes away educational opportunities in public schools, and that public schools must be integrated. This decision defeated the previous court case of Plessy v. Fergusson’s “separate but equal”. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott cont.
For many different days, nobody rode the bus preventing them from making any money. Some people bombed the houses of Martin Luther King Jr. and E.D. Nixon, important creators of the bus boycott and other civil rights movements, and the KKK tried to scare blacks into stopping the boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Picture LocationEvent Resource On December 1, 1955, the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama started officially, although some previous isolated resistance events occurred in the past. The Montgomery Bus Boycott started when Rosa Parks, a young black mistress, refused to give her seat on the bus up for a white, even though she had to according to law. The NAACP and leading anti-segregation supporters spread the message about having a bus boycott. -
The Change to Georgia's State Flag
Picture LocationEvent Resource Georgia’s state flag’s design was changed. It was changed to honor the centennial anniversary of the Civil War. Two-thirds of it was a Confederate Battle Flag with the left third a blue stripe with the state seal. However, many people thought that the design was changed to symbolize Georgia’s resistance to integration of society. Georgia’s state flag was changed again in 2001 because the old flag had too much in common with the Confederate Battle Flag. -
Crisis at Central High and the "Little Rock Nine" cont.
The crisis at Central High School was resolved when President Eisenhower called in paratroopers and made the Arkansas National Guard allow the students to enter the school. For their safety, there was part of the Army at the high school the whole year. -
Crisis at Central High and the "Little Rock Nine"
Picture LocationEvent Resource School Officials in Little Rock, Alabama were some of the few that immediately followed the verdict of the Brown v. Board of Education case. The school officials interviewed 80 students to be educated at Central High School of which nine students succeeded. These nine students became known as the Little Rock Nine. When the Little Rock Nine came to start school, they were met by angry citizens, and Governor Faubus, the governor of Arkansas, called in the Arkansas National Guard. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Bombing cont.
Even though the bombing caused a large amount of physical and mental damage, the community quickly fixed the problem and became more confident. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Bombing
Picture LocationEvent Resource The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, the largest Jewish temple in Atlanta, was bombed on October 12, 1958. Although nobody was hurt, the temple took a large sum of damage, and the Jewish community was shocked. Georgia previously had some anti-Semitism movements, like when Leo Frank was lynched, but nothing of this scale. The bombing caused major damages to the building, but the worst part was the affect it had on the Jewish community. -
The Sibley Commission
Picture LocationEvent Resource The Sibley Commission was created when public schools were trying to become integrated. Most schools wouldn’t integrate, and the state would cut their funding if they did integrate. Because of this, the Sibley Commission was created with John Sibley in charge. The Sibley Commission asked citizens of Georgia about integration. With their results, they decided that the school systems should decide if they would integrate. Private Schools were created to stop the desegregation. -
Freedom Riders cont.
Many white supremacists resisted and even attacked bus depots. The Freedom Riders were arrested when they were protesting, and many more riders came. Over 300 had been arrested by the end of summer in 1961. The Freedom Riders were arrested before they reached their final destination of New Orleans, but they did make a huge impact. -
Freedom Riders
Picture LocationEvent Resource The Freedom Riders were a group of black and white people that traveled to the South, specifically Mississippi and Alabama, to violate the Jim Crow Laws and stop the discrimination in the transportation system, hence the name Freedom Riders. They were angry about the discrimination laws that made them sit at different seats on buses, etc. The federal government said that discriminating the buses was illegal, but many parts of the South wouldn’t listen, and there was little enforcement. -
Albany Movement
Picture LocationEvent Resource The Albany Movement was the movement started when Freedom Riders from the NAACP and SNCC went to Albany, Georgia to test the Supreme Court’s ruling of being illegal to segregate bus and train stations. When those Freedom Riders were arrested, the Albany Movement started, and many more Freedom Riders came to Albany to protest. Over 500 people were arrested. This movement didn’t have immediate results, but it helped bring society closer to desegregation. -
Integration of UGA
Picture Location Event Resource In 1961, William Bootle, a judge from Macon, Georgia, made the University of Georgia accept two students, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, because the students were not admitted only because they were black. -
Integration of UGA cont. 3
A group of angry white supremacists surround the dorms of the two college students and the Athens police are forced to break it up. Governor Vandiver is given the responsibility of keeping the black students safe. Governor Vandiver tries to create an amendment of the Constitution to cease the attempted stopping of integrating schools when he is pressured by the federal government. -
Integration of UGA cont. 2
Judge Bootle’s ruling is accepted. However, Georgia’s governor, Earnest Vandiver, made a ruling that any integrated school in Georgia loses state funding. Because of this, UGA temporarily lost its state funding. -
Birmingham Protests cont. 3
This brutal punishment for the protestors is one reason why this protest was so well known. -
Birmingham Protest
Picture Location Event Resource Birmingham, Alabama is a city where, at the time, there were relatively little pro-civil rights activities. The NAACP and SNCC were basically inactive there; there were previous bombings, etc. that promoted segregation. Birmingham was a city were racism flourished, especially because it was where the KKK headquarters was located. The police chief in Birmingham, “Bull” Connor, was strongly against integration. -
Birmingham Protests cont. 2
When the protestors came to Birmingham, Connor made an excuse for the police to be off of work, so they wouldn’t have to help the protestors. It even took President JF Kennedy to get Martin Luther King out of jail once when he was protesting. The protests in Birmingham were different than some other protests by children were used to protest; 500 of them were put in prison for protesting. Besides imprisonment, water hoses and dogs were used on the protestors by the brutal police. -
March on Washington D.C. cont.
...important leaders of various associations, were also very important in the creation of the March. The March in Washington D.C. had very successful results as a non-violent protest. It was one of the most important of the marches in the Civil Rights Movement. -
March on Washington D.C.
Picture LocationEvent Resource On August 28, civil right protestors marched down Washington D.C. and congregated in front of the Lincoln Monument. In front of the monument, the protestors joined each other in arts such as songs, speeches, etc. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. had his famous speech. Over 250,000 people participated in the march. The march was started by A. Philip Randolph, the head of the NACL. Whitney Young, Roy Wilkins, James Farmer, John Lewis, Martin Luther King Jr., and Bayard Rustin, all... -
Church Bombing on 16th Street in Birmingham
Picture LocationEvent Resource The Ku Klux Klan bombed the Baptist church on 16th street in Birmingham, Alabama. They targeted the church because it was a church used for many activities; it was also one of the biggest black churches. Four people were killed and over 20 were injured. This bombing set of a chain of beliefs that civil rights were needed in Birmingham. In much later years, some of the expected bombers were sentenced to jail. -
The JFK Assassination
Picture Location Event Resource On November 22nd, John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in a convertible car with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, and Texas Governor John Connally. While driving through Dallas, Texas, Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed JFK and injured Governor Connally. The nation mourned JFK’s death, and Lyndon B. Johnson took over as president. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964 was Passed
Picture Location Event Resource On July 2nd, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This was the most important desegregation document in the Civil Rights Movement. It stops discrimination and segregation in transport systems, education, jobs, etc. The Civil Rights Act started society without discrimination. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 was Passed
Picture Location Event Resource On August 6th, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It prevented the discrimination at elections. Literacy tests and straight-up prevention of voting was outlawed. This act helped enforce the 15th amendment. -
Summerhill Race Riot
Picture Location Event Resource In Summerhill, Georgia, there was a riot that lasted for days that was initiated by the SNCC. The police were brutal to the protestors resulting in a death and 20 injuries. The mayor, Ivan Allen, Jr., tried to end the violence and create a compromise. -
The Assassination of MLK
Picture Location Event Resource Martin Luther King, Jr. was killed when he was sitting on his balcony in Memphis, Tennessee. MLK, Jr. was a major civil rights figure, so his death caused huge problems throughout the black society. Somebody was arrested, but many people believed it wasn’t actually him. Atlanta’s reaction wasn’t even more extreme than some other places because of the high number of blacks in Atlanta. -
Integration of All Georgia Schools
Picture LocationEvent Resource According to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, schools could not be separated by race anymore. The schools were having a hard time adjusting, though, especially when some of them didn’t want to integrate. This meant that Georgia had to create a way to make the schools integrate. Guidelines were given to the schools saying they had to have a certain percentage of black students. By 1971, Georgia’s schools were all integrated.
