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THE ENLIGHTENMENT - S, C, P, R, E(?), I/T
movement in the 18th cen. wanted reform. In all aspects possible. -
Period: to
Timespan
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Print culture - S, C, I/T
written materials increased, due to high literacy rate. books, pamphlets and such were LARGE SOURCE to circulate knowledge. -
Voltaire - S, C, I/T, P
Well-known Philosophe. Best known work was Candide, satire of war and optimism. Took up Calas's case. Made a lot of people very, very angry. Was imprisoned (although comfortably) -
Enlightenment & Relig. - R, S, C
-Deism = God = watchmaker. Cannot interfere.
-Philosophes = normally against religion. thought it was 'blinding'.
-Tolerance -
PHILSOPHES - S, C, R, I/T, P
Social critics/social activists! Pushed liberty and change for GOOD. Most famous = Voltaire. (Ecraze L'infame!) -
Encyclopedia - I/T, C
Complied mainly by Denis Diderot. Major source of 18th cen. knowledge. 17 volumes. -
Montesquieu - S, C, P
believes that temperature affects work ethic, also Islam could be "tool for political manipulation" -
Adam Smith - I/T, E, P
Challenged mercantillist beliefs and ideas. Thought it was stupid. Thought market was self-regulating.
"created" Laissez-faire = state should only deal w/ education and army, gov't should take more risks.
4 stage theory -
Rousseau - C, S
Hated society. Thought inequality came from uneven distribution of land. Social contract - All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains.
Emile - "men and women inhabit different spheres" -
Enligthened Despots - P, C
Frederick II of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine II of Russia - wife of Peter III, helped his murder -
Rococo - S, C
Painting style. Lighthearted. colorful. pastel colors. fast brush strokes. -
Mary Wollstonecraft - S, C, I/T
Feminist. Declared men like Rousseus (Emile) put inferior ideas into women's heads which stopped them from acheiving things. -
Neoclassical - S, C
Return to Renaissance Art. was very dramatic. Oath of Horatti - "depressing", Greco-Roman. -
Enlightened Absolutism - P
Philosophes = YES to enlightened monarch to take off restrictions
Enlightened Despots = used this reform to their advantages!