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1500
GRAMMAR TRANSLATION
Was born in Prussia at the end of the century and was modelled on the system used for teaching Latin and Greek.
Students are required to memorise various grammatical rules and exceptions as well as long vocabulary lists.
The teacher focuses on transmitting knowledge, while students work through activities and texts for translation or writing. -
DIRECT METHOD
It emerged in the 19th century from Maximilian Berlitz, who founded its first centre in the United States in 1872. It was considered an active method as opposed to the grammar-translation method.
Consists of students acquiring the ability to communicate in a foreign language by minimising the use of their mother tongue and also by training their linguistic reflexes.
The teacher leads the class actively and the role of the students is less passive. -
AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD
Was proposed by American linguists in 1950s, was developed from the principle that “a language is first of all a system of sounds for social communication.
The objectives are to develop oral communication skills in the target language.It is based on the acquisition of a language through repetition, with emphasis on oral expression and pronunciation.
The teacher focuses on speaking in English while the students acquire speech patterns through repetition. -
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
Was developed by American professor James Asher.
Is to approach another language in the same way as we learned our mother tongue.
The teacher and the students must assume the roles of parent and child, respectively. Meanwhile, the pupils must respond physically to the teacher's words. -
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING
Thanks to the efforts of some British linguists (C. Candlin and H. Widdowson) to demonstrate the need to develop communicative competence in addition to linguistic competence.
To help learners who are learning a second language to be able to produce real communication, both oral and written, with other speakers of that foreign language. The teacher is a mediator and the learner a passive receiver. -
SUGGESTOPEDIA
Its origin in the late 60s when the bulgarian psychianst Georgilozanov developed a learning system based on the science of suggestion.The emphasis is on memorisation through listening and repetition in the target language and in the learner's mother tongue of word pairs and dialogues specially created to practise particular structures and lexis.
The teacher is the authority in the classroom. For the method to be successful, the pupils must trust and respect the teacher. -
NATURAL APPROACH
It grew out of the Spanish teaching experiences of Professor Nancy Terrell in California, who in 1977 presented the Natural Approach as a new philosophy for language teaching.
Meaning becomes the focus of attention, the importance of vocabulary is emphasised and grammar is pushed into the background.
Demands a central role for the teacher and a role of responsibility for the student. -
CONTENT BASED INSTRUCTIONS
Designed to provide second language learners with content and language instruction.
Students learn a language more effectively when they use the language as a means of communication. In addition, this approach helps them to reflect on the needs for learning a language.
The role of the teacher is to provide students with readings or content in general adapted to the cognitive level of their learners, responding to their academic needs or personal interests. -
LEXICAL APPROACH
It was Michael Lewis in 1993, under his work entitled The Lexical Approach. The state of ELT and the way forward.
The lexical approach in language teaching says that one does not learn only through grammar, functions, notions or other types of knowledge, but through the lexicon, which is a combination of words.
The teacher must be empathetic and the student is the discoverer.