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Primary Focus: This case was created so that schools could not deny the rights of students based on race and so that each child could have an equal education opportunity.
Outcome: The case of Brown v. The Board of Education didn’t achieve desegregation, but led to the civil rights movement. By 1976, public and private schools could not deny students because of race based on federal law. Link: https://www.june29.com/how-brown-v-board-of-education-influenced-special-education/ -
Starting with Brown vs. Board of Education to Endrew F vs. Douglas County School District
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Primary Focus: Any person regardless of race cannot be segregated in a number of public places including schools, restaurants, and in the workplace.
Outcome: The Civil Rights Act was expanded over the years to provide voting rights to all people and banned discrimination in the sales, rentals, and financing of properties.
Link: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq43e4.html -
Primary Focus: The focus of this case was to provide students with free-funded education regardless of their mental disability.
Outcome: After the act passed, students with disabilities had the right to free public education and if possible they could be in a classroom with regular education students.
Link: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/pennsylvania-association-retarded-citizens-parc-v-commonwealth-pennsylvania-1972 -
Primary Focus: Any child with a mental, behavioral, emotional, or physical disability could not be denied a public education regardless of income.
Outcome: The court rules that these students will receive a free, public education and they must receive the necessary accommodations and services they require.
Link: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/348/866/2010674/ -
Primary Focus: Section 504 states that employers cannot deny individuals with a disability the same opportunities, benefits, and services as everyone else.
Outcome: This act changed the services and rights of people with disabilities and provided them with jobs, education, and transportation needs.
Link: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/504faq.html -
Primary Focus: All schools that accept students who are handicapped and accept federal funding need to have equal educational opportunities for the children and the students need to be provided at least one meal a day in school.
Outcome: This act provided FAPE (free appropriate public education) to each child with a disability in every state across the country.
Link: https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
Primary Focus: After five African-American children were placed wrongfully in a special education classroom because of low IQ scores, this case brought to light the impact and effect of IQ tests on students with disabilities.
Outcome: The court decided in 1979 that IQ tests had been used improperly to measure children's place in special needs classrooms.
https://foundationsoflawandsociety.wordpress.com/2019/12/11/the-larry-p-case-discrimination-against-black-students-in-educational-testing/ -
Primary Focus: Students who are handicapped and have disabilities should have an extended school year to allow them to function regularly and make progress in their education.
Outcome: The judge ruled that a 180-day school year violated a child with a severe or emotional disability to a free and appropriate public education.
Link: https://www.education.pa.gov/Policy-Funding/BECS/Pages/default.aspx -
Primary Focus: Rowley was starting in school and was given a hearing aid for class, a tutor for one day a week, and speech therapy. Her parents requested that instead of these Rowley would benefit more from a sign-language interpreter.
Outcome: The court decided that because Rowley lacked an interpreter she was not learning to her full potential and was denied the right to a free appropriate education.
Link: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/458/176 -
Primary Focus: Amber Tatro was born with spina bifida and had issues in her bladder which caused her to need to be catheterized every couple of hours. She needed this to be administered to her in school and the school board refused the request.
Outcome: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a school board in Texas had to give services to a student with spina bifida during class hours.
Link:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Irving-Independent-School-District-v-Tatro -
Primary Focus: Before this Amendment, children with a disability did not receive services until age three. Early Intervention Services provide the child with help in social-emotional skills and behaviors.
Outcome: States in the U.S. had to provide early intervention services to families with children born with disabilities from birth to age three. https://www.biausa.org/public-affairs/public-policy/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act -
Primary Focus: The Education of the handicapped act requires state and local educational agencies to ensure that handicapped children and their parents are guaranteed the right to a free public school education and get the IEP that fits them each individually.
Outcome: Children and families who need an individualized education program were granted the education and help they needed.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/359/#top -
Primary Focus: The United States Supreme Court ruled that the California school board violated the Education for all handicapped children Act when they suspended a student with a disability for disruptive and violent behavior.
Outcome: The United States Supreme Court declared that the state must provide services directly to students where the school board fails to do so. -
Primary Focus: A handicapped student named Daniel and his parents said that a local school district had a malfunction with the Education of the handicapped act and rejected putting him in a “nonhandicapped” classroom.
Outcome: After careful consideration, the Supreme Court ruled that the special education classroom was the best placement for Daniel.
https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/874/1036/382507/ -
Primary Focus: The Education of all handicapped children Act name was changed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act also known as IDEA.
Outcome: This helped all children and families with disabilities get the educational help they need in their neighborhood schools rather than having to go further to go to a special needs school.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
The Americans with Disabilities Act was put in place to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities in several everyday life aspects such as work, transportation, and communications.
The United States Department of Labor and several other federal government agencies allowed Americans with disabilities to work and participate in events.
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/disability/ada#:~:text=The%20Americans%20with%20Disabilities%20Act,local%20government'%20programs%20and%20services -
-In this case, the parents of Rafael a child with Down syndrome think that he should be placed in a classroom with students who do not have disabilities.
-The Board of Education has made it possible for Rafael to be in a classroom with a number of supportive aids and programs to help him with his Down syndrome.
https://pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/oberti-v-board-of-education-of-the-borough-of-clementon/ -
-The parents of Rachel Holland wanted Rachel to be in a regular second-grade classroom with regular education students. Due to Rachel testing at a 44 on an IQ exam, the district came up with a plan to have her in special education classes for academic material.
- The district ruled after careful consideration that Rachel be taught by a special education teacher. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/14/1398/613232/ -
Primary Focus: The Gaskin Family filed this lawsuit so that all school-aged children with disabilities were denied individual services and placed in a regular classroom setting with no additional services.
Outcome: Over the five-year settlement the court made the decision to adhere to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and give the students with disabilities the services they required.
https://clearinghouse.net/case/13239/ -
Primary Focus: The amendment to the Individuals with Disabilities Act was that the Department of Education expand the school day for students up to the age of nine. The law stated that parents must have the opportunity to dispute issues with schools and local educational agencies through mediation.
Outcome: The outcome of this act amendment gave the opportunity for students with disabilities to learn more and receive the services they needed.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History#1980s-90s -
Garrett F. was severely injured in a motorcycle accident when he was four years old and needed one-on-one nursing care. Garrett in school had a personal aide. Garrett reached fifth grade his parents asked that the school provide an assistant for him. The school board refused. In accordance with the IDEA Act, the school board and district must accommodate Garrett's needs and fund the nursing assistant.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cedar-Rapids-Community-School-District-v-Garret-F -
Primary Focus: The No Child Left Behind Act was the main law that stated the way students learned and achieved in educational settings. The law focused on underprivileged students to get better grades and help in areas they needed.
Outcome: The Department of Education no longer has this in place it is now the Every Student Succeeds Act which helps all students to achieve good grades while in school.
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/no-child-left-behind-nclb-what-you-need-to-know -
Primary Focus: The amendment to the IDEA in 2004 requires all schools and districts that receive federal funding to give the services to student with disabilities they need and help them get ready to further their education in the future.
Outcome: The amendment made changes and one of the major changes it made was making sure the educators were instructed on how to teach special education students.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History#2000s-10s -
Drew was diagnosed with Autism and ADHD in second grade. He was not given the proper services he needed in the school his parents enrolled him in which was a public school. They created goals for him and never followed up to see how he was doing. Drew’s parents enrolled him in a private school and immediately the instructors saw a behavioral issue and implemented a behavioral intervention plan that noted https://www.bazelon.org/endrew-f-v-douglas-county-school-district/