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Elizabeth Farrell
First special education educator. First taught troubled students, ages 8-16, in NY around 1903. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Briggs
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Briggs involve segregation in 1954-1955. Involved five cases: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County, Bolling v. Sharpe, Gebhart v. Ethel. Involved separate school systems for blacks v. whites were made to make blacks feel inferior to the whites. -
Parc v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children sued Commonwealth, in 1971, for not allowing children, who had mental disabilities, to attend school. Many states had legislation's that allowed them to prevent these children from going to school. The main argument was that ALL children would benefit from school. A settlement was reached in 1972 when laws were determined unconstitutional. Schools could not deny a child unless they could meet, or find away to meet, the child's needs. -
Mills v. The Board of Education
Involved seven children that had been suspended, excluded, expelled and even transferred due to their mental and behavioral disabilities. Because the schools did not provide a special education program for the children they were in noncompliance of Section 31-208 of the District of Columbia Code. Ruling in favor of the Plaintiff, children were to be allowed special education classes and parents were to put children in school no matter mental capabilities. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
States that an individual shall not be discriminated against or excluded from any type of activity or denied any type of benefits that are federally funded. Children will not be discriminated against or denied any type of education that he/she needs, no matter their disability. This includes any health related disorder, physical appearance, or emotional state. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Schools that received federal funding were required to provide for the needs of children who were handicapped by evaluating them and providing for their individual needs. The schools were also required to work along side parents of the handicapped children. If at any point a parent had a problem with how the school treated the child, the school had to have a hearing to find solutions of the problem. This was to be reauthorized every four years. -
Complete 360
States had to completely change the way they looked at and handled handicapped children. States and schools alike were no longer allowed to exclude children who were handicapped or had mental disabilities. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
This law was established in 1990 and was made to protect anyone with a disability whether it be in public or private. This included any form of public transportation, any place that is accessible by the public, job opportunities, or schooling. It protects anyone from discrimination and can be punishable to the highest extents of the law if they are discriminated against. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
Same law, new name. Use to be the Education for All Handicapped Children Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act. Under this law any school whether it be public or private, may not deny a child, with any disabilities, an education. If they do so, they give up their federal funding. -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
This law use to be the NCLB (No Child Left Behind). In 2015 Obama signed the ESSA. It was put into place to help all students, whether it be average, above average, or below average, to prepare and be successful in college. It makes sure that not only teachers, but parents and communities help students to be successful.
