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The adaptive strategies of these hominids were the characteristics of hunter-gatherers, in small groups, without any permanent habitat and campingnext to rivers. Some evidences in the bones found in Atapuerca, whose archaeological sites have been the most important, show us that they may have practiced cannibalism.
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The adaptive strategies of these hominids were hunter-gatherers, grouped in small hordes, without permanent habitat and camping in places near rivers. Experts are divided between those who believe that they took advantage of large animals killed by other predators and those who think that they hunted them in groups, through harassment. Some evidence in the bones found at Atapuerca shows that they may have practiced cannibalism.
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Neanderthals were hunter-gatherers, they had great physical strength, an extended cranium, a cranial capacity above average than a modern man, and they were approximately 1.70 m tall. They perfected hunting techniques for bigger animals and the use of their skins. Mousterian utensils were very diverse and specialized. Interests in certain picturesque objects and burials also indicate the existence of symbolic capacity and belief in some spiritual cult.
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Neanderthals were hunter-gatherers, they had physical strength and an elongated cranium. They took refuge in caves and developed a great cultural variety. They perfected hunting techniques for bigger animals and the use of their skins. Mousterian utensils are very diverse and specialized. The interest in certain picturesque objects and the practice of burials also indicates the existence of a certain symbolic capacity and the belief in some spiritual cult.
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Homo sapiens constituted nomadic groups that moved alternately from one hunting area to another, living outdoors in caves due to cold areas. They had a diversified and nutritious diet, which would include fishing and harvesting fruits.
Bone, horn or ivory utensils are quite sophisticated. There was a wide variety of art objects, ornaments and paintings. The generalization of burials, with funerary symbols and small sculptures also indicate the richness of their spiritual world. -
They probably constituted nomadic groups that moved alternately from one hunting area to another, living in huts or caves in cold areas. They had a more diversified and nutritious diet, which would include fishing, gathering fruits and shellfish.
There was a wide variety of art objects, ornaments and paintings. The generalization of burials, with grave goods and small sculptures also indicate the richness of their spiritual world. -
They had a sedentary agricultural economy. Utensils were developed and instruments made of wood, horn and bone acquired a great development. One of the cultural phenomena was that of the megalithic monuments: collective burials related to the development of religious beliefs.
Levantine painting is characteristic of the Peninsular Neolithic, where scenes with human figures appear, reflecting a greater degree of schematization and abstraction than Magdalenian painting. -
The culture "Los Millares" emerged. It is a society established in small fortified towns. Its economy was based on dry farming. The copper metallurgy they practiced is considered of indigenous origin. The bell-shaped vase was characterized by abundant ceramic bowls and vessels with the shape of an inverted bell, associated in the grave goods with a series of characteristic objects that include copper elements, in tombs that demonstrate the social differences by level of wealth.
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It is characterized by villages built on hills that were difficult to access, many of them larger than in the previous stage. Agriculture played a fundamental role, as well as metallurgy, through which they manufactured weapons and luxury objects of copper, silver, gold and bronze that granted social status to their owners. The control of raw materials and metallurgy brought to a clear social stratification that led to the establishment of chiefdoms and a state.
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They had a livestock and agrarian economy. They used a semi-syllabic script that was traced from right to left. It is believed that there was a monarchy. Its peak occurred between the 9th and 7th centuries BC, coinciding with the stage in which the Phoenicians settled in coastal factories to acquire metals that were exchanged for luxury manufactures. These influenced society to the point of modifying funeral rites and probably accentuating social stratification.
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They were a homogeneous cultural group, with influences from the Greeks and Carthaginians. Its basic features were fortified villages located on hills with an agricultural and livestock economy, exchange of artisan products and minerals with foreign merchants.
They had an aristocracy that controlled agricultural production and imposed its rule through military force. In certain towns there were leaders, who could be close to the figure of a king. -
Group of several peoples that formed independent geopolitical units and that could come to fight each other. They were towns with an agrarian economy, which were grouped into aristocratic groups. They were established in small but very well fortified towns, they had advanced iron metallurgy and textile crafts much appreciated by the Romans.
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In 711 Tarik's troops crossed the strait and began the penetration without resistance of the population of Andalusia. The first 50 years of the history of Al Andalus is characterized, fundamentally, by two facts:
-The expansion of Muslim rule: covenants and taxation.
-As of 732 the opposition of the first tensions between Arabs and Berbers (around the occupation and distribution of land) that would lead to the crisis of 741-755. -
The Talayotic culture developed in this period. The name derives from its characteristic defensive towers built with large stones, around which the settlements were established.
It is practically impossible to specify the moment when iron metallurgy appeared in the peninsula, since for some centuries this metal coexisted with bronze. It is possible that the Phoenicians brought it when they settled in the south of the peninsula. -
Rome imposed its economic structures, the currency, the cultivation techniques, the development of crafts and business. They were organized under the rules of Roman urbanism and were filled with aqueducts, amphitheaters, temples, etc., which constitute one of the most important legacies. The causeways communicated with each other and with the rest of the Empire. Roman law, Latin, Roman religion, and Christian religion were introduced.
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The Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula led to the seizure of the territories from the Muslims of Al-Andalus. In addition, they had the support of France, military orders, and the Church. The Reconquest, involved a series of economic, demographic, military, ideological and political changes. These changes, implemented through the four stages that this military action lasted, definitively configured the Iberian Peninsula as a Christian territory.
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The minority of King Alfonso XI ends, who decides to consolidate the monarchical power, and put an end to the independence of the cities and the courts. Thus, he achieved the submission of the nobility in an agreement and later, deal with the problem of the Strait, defeating the Benimerines in the battle of El Salado. The king died in the Granada campaign from the Black Death.
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While the crown of Castile, regardless of social or religious differences, all subjects considered themselves of the same nationality, in Aragon there were national differences between the inhabitants of the four kingdoms: the principality of Catalonia, the kingdom of Aragon, the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca. This conditioned the existence of a traditional and forced pactism, as well as that the conflicts were more numerous, but less destructive than in Castile.
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The Black Death was a disease that came from the East, carried by the black rats of the ships. The plague got its name from one of its most terrible symptoms: blackish-looking glands that, if burst, oozed blood and pus. Other symptoms were high fever, headache, chills, and delusions. Most of the patients died within 48 hours. In the case of Spain, it is thought that it arrived at the port of Palma de Mallorca for the first time.
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Arrival in America of a Spanish expedition led by Christopher Columbus by mandate of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón. Columbus had left the Port of Palos (Spain) two months and nine days earlier and, after crossing the Atlantic Ocean, he arrived in a new island, in the American continent, Guanahani, believing that he had reached India.
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It was ordered in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs through the Edict of Granada in order to prevent them from continuing to influence the New Christians to make them Jewish.
In 2015, the Spanish General Courts approved a law that recognized as Spanish the direct descendants of the Jewish expelled in 1492, thereby nullifying the consequences of that expulsion as far as possible. -
The War of Spanish Independence was a warlike conflict developed between 1808 and 1814 within the context of the Napoleonic wars, which pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose claim was to install in the Spanish throne to Napoleon's brother, José Bonaparte, after the Bayonne abdications.
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In the Spanish territories of America, the news of 1808 caused a social mobilization similar to the one occurred in the Peninsula. The power emptiness was also filled with local councils, which were also leading to increasingly revolutionary positions. In this case, characterized by the increasingly obvious independence movement of the social group of Creoles, culminated in declarations of independence, refusing any kind of intermediate solution other than absolute independence.
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It was from 1936 to 1939. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic fought against a revolt by the Nationalists. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a war of religion, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism.
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General Francisco Franco began the assault on power with a military uprising in July 1936 against the Second Republic and culminated in April 1939, after victory in a civil war lasting almost a thousand days.
When the Spanish civil war ended, more than half of the 28 European states were dominated by dictatorships with absolute powers, which did not depend on constitutional mandates or democratic elections. -
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (from Euskera, ‘Basque Country and Freedom’; ETA) was a Basque nationalist terrorist organization that proclaimed itself to be independent, socialist and revolutionary. During its sixty years of history, between 1958 and 2018, different organizations with the same name emerged as a result of various splits, some of them coexisting on several occasions, of which only the one known as the military ETA would survive.
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Carlos Arias Navarro, who had been the last president of the Franco government, is confirmed in this position by Juan Carlos I. After an opening speech on February 12, there is a clear regression in response to the pressures of the bunker. The king obtains from the institutions in charge of presenting the shortlist of candidates for the presidency of the government the introduction of the name of Adolfo Suárez.
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The resignation of Adolfo Suárez precipitated the previous preparations for a coup, and during the investiture session of his replacement, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, a detachment of civil guards occupied the Congress and kidnapped the deputies and the government. The king's opposition and the lack of coordination and difference in objectives among the coup plotters themselves prevented most of the military authorities from joining them, and the next day they surrendered.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had one of its main focuses in Spain. The first positive diagnosis was confirmed on January 31, 2020 on the Canary Island of La Gomera, while the first death occurred on February 13 in the city of Valencia, a figure known twenty days later. It is estimated that the pandemic has caused in Spain between 44,800 4 and 48,500 deaths.
