-
Muslims conquer former Christian territories in the Byzantine empire and former Zoroastrian territories in the Sassanian empire. They officially become established on what Shaffer terms as the "Indian frontier," and open themselves to southernization.
-
Arabs start to rely on large groups of slave from East Africa to cultivate sugar. By 869, the Zanj slaves mount a rebellion in modern-day Iraq, which takes the caliphate 15 years to resolve. Arab slaveholders stop employing large populations of slaves in the same place.
-
Arabs find large quantities of silver in Tashkent and then large quantities of gold in North Africa.
-
Through southernization, sugar production became possible in mass quantities. Arabs worked to develop planting and irrigation strategies that would be compatible with the land.
-
Al-Kharazmi introduced Indian mathematics to the Arab world, which allowed Khayyam to make significant advancements in algebra and trigonometry.
