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Bit-by-bit programs were introduced by means of mechanical switches and later machine language was introduced by means of punch cards.
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With the first computers, the programmer interacted directly with the computer hardware.
There was not really an O.S. The first computers used bulbs. The data input, the programs were made through machine language (bits). -
General Motors Company introduced the first operating system for its IBM 170.
Punch cards began to appear, which allowed users to load and modify their programs, this was called serial work. -
In the 60s and 70s the integrated circuit is generated, the jobs are organized and Batch processes are generated, which consists of determining the common jobs and perform them all together at once. At this time tape drives and the program loader, which is considered as the first type of Operating System, appeared.
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One of the main characteristics of distributed systems are mainframes. But at that time WANDS networks were used, with very slow transmission, so the process was limited by its transmission capacity. -
Desktop PCs are added to the mainframe and minicomputer system, and networks are replaced by LANs and WANs. -
In the 80s, the INTERNET boom began in the United States of America. At the end of the 80s, the great boom and evolution of Operating Systems began. The concept of multiprogramming is discovered, which consists of having several jobs loaded in memory at the same time, the main theme of today's Operating Systems.
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In the 1990s and beyond, we entered the era of distributed computing and multiprocessing across multiple computer networks, leveraging the processor cycle.
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In the 1990s, two separate forms of broadband service came from companies who already were wired to most homes and businesses in the country, the telephone and television services. Companies in both areas wanted to expand into other communications markets but weren’t allowed to until the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
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Distributed computing systems make an entire computer network appear as a single large computer where different activities are carried out on different computers. These systems include supercomputers connected through networks with transmission capacity of gigabytes per second, and supervised by management software, these systems are called supercomputing. -
The concept of a distributed system ensures that many independent computers are represented as one coherent system. The main examples of the distributed system include World Wide Web and internet. The central rack location is not identified in the distributed system. The concept is very much wise in the small projects but it has some weaknesses in the medium and large systems. Re-tuning and maintenance of the distributed system for larger projects is difficult (Veríssimo & Rodrigues, 2004).
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If the system does not have the well-defined interfaces then it would become difficult for the developers to add new features in to the system which will create problems. The social networking websites such as facebook and twitter provides permission to the software developers to interactively develop their software.
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Many components are associated with the distributed system due to which the chance of failure increases with the addition of features and components. If any or total components fail to work then the whole system will become a failure (Vidyarthi, Sarker, Tripathi, & Yang, 2009).
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Test Driven Development (TDD) is the software development process which helps in building up of the distributed system. It performs the testing of all the software and components associated with the distributed system. If any of the features are added in to the software, then the TDD test will be performed that will test the failure or the approval of those features (Vidyarthi, Sarker, Tripathi, & Yang, 2009).
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Distributed computing systems make any computer network appear as a large computer where different activities are carried out on different computers.
These systems include supercomputers connected through a network with the capacity to transmit gigabytes per second and supervised by management software, these systems are called supercomputer networks. -
Distributed distribution makes it possible to obtain high performance at a reasonably low cost. Today, most computer systems are distributed and do not depend on a single node or computer to function.
