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Spain was in difficult time and the Spanish society was divided andvery poor. The Republic was seen as an opportunity to modernize Spain.
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After Primo de Rivera´s resignation in 1929, Alfonso XIII tried to restore the normal constitutional monarchy, but his image was damage because his link with Primo de Rivera.
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The Republicans and Socialists meet to quit the monarchy and establish a democratic republican regime. The Revolutionary committee was created to control the opposition. The claim for a general strike and FAILED. The revolutionary Committee was arrested.
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Niceto Alcalá Zamora was named president of the Republic and Manuel Azaña of the government. Azaña created created muany reforms:
The Statute of Autonomy for Cataluña.
The subordination of the army.
They expelled the Jesuits.
The Agrarian reform - The law alllowed the state to take the land if it is not used.
In 1932, a coup of General Sanjurjo failed.
In 1933, anarchists occupied Casas Viejas (Cádiz), Azaña´s government repressed them. -
First free elections since Primo de Rivera, actually was a referendum on the monarchy. The monarchists win, but the republicans had the power in important cities so the monarch leaves the country.
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The republic is proclaimed. On the same day the Revolutionary Committee becomes the Provisional Republican Government.
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In 1931 PSOE and PRR (Provisional Government) wrote the Constitution. It as a progressive, democratic and left-wing constitution.
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Popular sovereignty: women had the right to vote
The division of power.
Declaration of civil rights: Divorce and civil weddings were legalized.
Declaration of collective rights: The right of education made primary education free and obligatory.
Secularism: There was not an official religion. Catholic religion was not allowed to teach.
Regionalism: The right for the regions to establish Statutes of Autonomy.
Social economy: Article 1`Democratic republic of all workers of every class´ -
The left and right wing organised to make a liberal, democratic and secular state. They didn´t stop and solve the problems.
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Election in November 1933 and was the first time women could vote. The CEDA was created by right-wing Catholic parties. CEDA and PRR won the elections. A general strike was convoked against CEDA accusing them of fascists. This revolution grew to a revolution
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The strike was composed by nationalist, anarchist and communist associations.
Cataluña: declare itself independent. The president of the Generalitat was arrested.
Asturias: the miners staged an armed revolt. It was put down by the army.
Corruption scandal in the government which forced Lerroux to resign -
Newelections in February 1936.
The left-wing parties joined to form the Popular Front. Wanted the amnestey and pushed the social reforms of 1931. The right-wing parties grew, represented by the Bloque Nacional, led by José Calvo Sotelo and the Falange Española founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera. -
The Popular front won the elections with majority but the proportion of left-wing and right-wing was almost the same. Zamora was the new Republic president and Casares Quiroga of the government. Largo Caballero prevented socialists from being part of the cabinet. Spanish Army began a strategy against the government. Casares Quiroga passed away the warnings and then transferred Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco.
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The atmosphere was very tense and violence in the streets started. Assasinations and firing the churches was common. On 12th July Lieutenant Castillo was murdered by a right-wing gunmen. The following day Calvo Sotelo was napped and assasinated. This made the militaries to start a coup leaded by the General Emilio Mola under the leadership of Jorge Sanjurjo. It was supported by Carlists and Fascist Falange.
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On 12th July Lieutenant Castillo was murdered by a right-wing gunmen. The following day Calvo Sotelo was napped and assasinated.
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The 17 July Spanish soldiers in the protectorate of Morocco seize control in Ceuta, Melilla and Tetuán. In a few days the civil war started.
