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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Famous poet who helped shape romanticism. -
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Beethoven and Napoleon were about the same age. Beethoven was emotionally affected by the events in Europe. -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
The transitional figure from the Classical to the Romantic style. Composed all genres. Virtuoso pianist, expert improviser. Created heroic music for a heroic age fresh out of the French Revolution. -
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Chancellor of Austria Klemenz Wenzel von Metternich
Hosted the Congress of Vienna and was instrumental in shaping social activities. The social activities fueled two new musical genres: the character piece and the Lied (song). -
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Carl Maria von Weber
Composed the first German romantic opera "Der Freischutz" (The Magic Bullet, 1819-21) -
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French Revolution
The "common" people saw themselves as empowered to break free from oppression. Nobility oppressed the commoners, so they revolted. -
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Giacomo Meyerbeer
Jewish German composer who studied in Italy and composed French opera in Paris. Known primarily for grand operas: Les Huguenots Ovurture Act V-Ein Feste Burg -
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Gioacchino Rossini
The most important opera composer in the early 19th century. Also the most famous composer in Europe in the early 19th century. -
France founded the Paris Conservatory as a state institution for the training of musicians.
This replaced the training in churches and courts -
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Heinrich Heine
Famous poet who helped shape romanticism. -
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Franz Schubert
Composed in all genres, over 600 Lieder -
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Gaetano Donizetti
Italian opera composer -
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Vincenzo Bellini
Italian opera composer. -
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Hector Berlioz
One of the most important early innovators of new orchestration and genres; French -
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Fanny Mendelssohn
Sister of Felix, composer. -
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Felix Mendelssohn
Composer of most genres, revived of J.S. Bach's music in Leipzig. -
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Robert Schumann
More important as an editor and promoter of music. -
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Frederic Chopin
Pianist (delicate style) and composer. -
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Lieder
Composers created poetry settings and emotional expression and they were cheap to perform or share with others. Lieders are re-envisioned in the 19th century. -
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Franz Liszt
Early and late romantic. Piano virtuoso, writer, conductor, composer, innovator, supporter of Wagner. -
Evidence of romantic aesthetics appeared in print describing Beethoven
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Hoffman calls Beethoven a genius
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Johann Salomon and others founded the Philharmonic Society.
A concert series with a repertory founded on Beethoven's symphonies. -
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Richard Wagner
He changed opera, harmony, music in general. -
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Giuseppe Verdi
The most important Italian composer in the mid to late 19th century. Primarily an opera composer. Famous works include: Macbeth, Rigoletto, II trovatore, La traviata. -
The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819
Placed severe limits on freedom of expression by individuals (including artists and institutions such as Universities and presses. -
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Jacques Offenbach
Known for his operettes: La Belle Helene, Orphee aux enfers. -
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Clara Schumann (Weik)
Virtuoso pianist, composer, wife of Robert. -
London opened the Royal Academy of Music
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Bedrich Smetana
Bohemian; best known for his programmatic cycle of 6 symphonic poems called Ma Vlast (My Country). Considered the founder of Czech music. Took part in the fighting in the 1848 nationalist uprising. -
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Stephen Foster
American song composer. He was the first American to make a living as a professional songwriter, although he died broke at the age of 37, a penniless alcoholic. -
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Louis Moreau Gottschalk
American Nationalist. Born in New Orleans. A child prodigy on the piano: Chopin said he would become "the king of pianists". By age 7 he was able to substitute for his teacher at the organ at mass. Sent to Paris to study. -
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Georges Bizet
Blended styles into opera comique with Carmen (1875). -
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Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Trained muscially in the West: his Russian nationalist colleagues did not enthusiastically support him or his music. Composed 8 operas, 7 symphonies, 3 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, symphonic poems, overtures, chamber, keyboard, choral music, and songs. -
The New York Philharmonic is founded.
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Ignacy Jan Paderwski
Polish pianist and composer. Prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919. Made a piano roll recording of his piece. -
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Gustav Mahler
Mostly known as a conductor and secondly as a composer. Bridged the Austro-German romantic traditions of composing with the new modern styles in the 20th century. His music was neglected until after the end of WWII -
Messa da Requiem
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Swan Lake
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Bela Bartok
Published 2000 tunes that he collected from Eastern European countries (Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Slovakia, Servia, and Bulgaria). Wrote books and articles on this music. Arranged and created music based on these traditional tunes. -
Sleeping Beauty
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The Nutcracker
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Mikhail Baryshnikov (1948-present)
One of the most famous Russian ballet dancers of recent times.