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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
German writer and statesmen; wrote poetry, dramas, an autobiography, books about literature, 4 novels, and scientific books on anatomy, botany, and color -
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Luigi Cherubini
Italian composer who wrote the french opera titled Lodoïska; was on the founding faculty of the Paris Conservatory and became its director in 1822 -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
he is the transitional figure from the Classical to the Romantic style; virtuoso pianist; expert improvisor; made his living in Vienna as a performer before he gained fame as a composer -
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Klemenz Wenzel von Metternich
chancellor of Austria, hosted the congress of Vienna and was instrumental in shaping social activities; the social activities fueled two new musical genres: character piece and the Lied -
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Carl Maria von Weber
composed the first German romantic opera "Der Freischütz" (The Magic Bullet, 1819-21) -
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Giacomo Meyerbeer
jewish german composer who studied in Italy and composed French opera in Paris -
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Gioacchino Rossini
the most important opera composer in the early 19th century; the most famous composer in Europe in the early 19th century -
Paris Conservatory
founded in 1795 as a state institution for the training of musicians; replaced the training in churches and courts -
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Franz Schubert
composed in all genres, over 600 Lieder; mostly a freelance composer and earned his income from teaching and publishing his music -
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Gaetano Donizetti
Italian opera composer; wrote over 70 operas -
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Vincenzo Bellini
Italian opera composer; famous for his opera Norma (1831) -
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Hector Berlioz
one of the most important early innovators of new orchestration and genres; French composer, conductor, critic, and author; wrote a treatise on orchestration -
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Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
sister of Felix, composer -
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Felix Mendelssohn
composer of most genres, revived of J.S. Bach's music in Leipzig; was a famous conductor -
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Robert Schumann
More important as an editor and promoter of music; started out as a pianist; founder and editor of The New Journal for Music -
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Frédéric Chopin
pianist and composer -
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Franz Liszt
piano virtuoso, writer, conductor, composer, innovator, support of Wagner -
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Giuseppe Verdi
the most important Italian composer in the mid to late 19th century; primarily an opera composer; hailed as a hero of Italy and audiences yelled "Viva Verdi" -
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Richard Wagner
he changed opera, harmony, music in general -
Erlkönig (Erlking)
based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die; use of music to characterize things -
The Ophicleide
keyed brass instrument similar in range to a trombone, patented by Jean Hilaire Asté (a French instrument maker, 1821) -
The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819
decrees that placed severe limits on freedom of expression by individuals and institutions such as universities and presses; affected both Beethoven and Schubert who were working there during the 1820s. -
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Clara Schumann
virtuoso pianist, composer, wife of Robert -
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Jacques Offenbach
known for his operettes La belle Hélène, Orphée aux enfers -
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Bedřich Smetana
Bohemian (Czechoslovakian); best known for his programmatic cycle of 6 symphonic poems called Má vlast (My Country); a pianist and child prodigy -
Symphonie fantastique
a program symphony in 5 movements -
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Johannes Brahms
German romantic composer; continued classical traditions; a scholar; one of the first editors of J.S. Bach's music -
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Georges Bizet
blended styles into opera comique with Carmen (1875) -
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Nationalism
Germany exerted its artistic superiority in Europe: other countries responded with ideas that promoted the worthiness of their own cultures -
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Antonin Dvorak
nationalist composer who was from czechoslovakia; studied under Brahms; studied Black American cutures and music of the Native Americans -
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Edvard Grieg
nationalist from Norway; famous piano concerto -
Saxophone
This instrument was invented during this time. -
Symphonic (tone) poem
a one-movement orchestral work created by Franz Liszt as an option to the traditional symphonic form -
Rigoletto
first produced in Venice, Italy; -
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Edward Elgar
nationalist composer from England -
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Giacomo Puccini
trained in music but wanted to follow his passion for the theater; pursued a career in operatic composition -
The Mighty Five
Russian composers including: Mily Balakirev, Alexander Borodin, César Cui, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Musorgsky -
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Isaac Albéniz
nationalist composer from Spain -
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Frederick Delius
nationalist composer from England who also lived in France and the U.S. -
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Jean Sibelius
nationalist from Finland and composed Finlandia, a tone poem cycle -
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Enrique Granados
nationalist composer from Spain -
No. 2: "Vltava" ("The Moldau")
tone poem, he uses tone painting to evoke the sounds of the Moldau River, wrote a program for the piece as an explanation -
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Manuel de Falla
nationalist composer from Spain -
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Béla Bartok
virtuoso pianist; wrote opera, string quartets, concertos, orcehstral music