-
Period: to
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Poet who helped shape romanticism
German writer and statesman
His writings were incredibly influential on our Romantic composers
Already a celebrity by age 25
Wrote: poetry, dramas, an autobiography, books about literature, 4 novels, and scientific books on anatomy, botany, and color -
Period: to
Luigi Cherubini
composed opera called Lodoïska, on the founding faculty of the Paris Conservatoire and became the director in 1822 -
Period: to
Sturm und Drang
A new emotional movement in German literature of Sturm und Drang took place, began focusing on the darker side of human nature; this started a new trend.
Society was polite and ordered.
Everything was romanticized and over-dramatized. The more depressed, the better the inspiration.
Inspiration (and genius) was talked about in reference to music and art.
Emphasis on the macbre, death, personal feelings, composer and the past.
Breaking and changing of forms.
Democratic society liberated musicians -
Period: to
Jean-Francios Le Sueur
important French composer and writer -
Period: to
Etienne-Nicolas Mehul
French composer who contributed to opera comique. Most important French composer of symphonies in the early 19th century. 31 operas, ballets, choral music, revolutionary songs, symphonies, and a few chamber and keyboard works -
Period: to
Johann Simon Mayr
Founder of Romantic Italian Operas. central figure before Rossini and after Mozart
68 dramatic works, oratorios, cantatas, masses, other vocal works, 2 symphonies -
Period: to
Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy
Haydn's patron and employer after 1790 -
Period: to
Napoleon Bonaparte
About the same age as Beethoven. Was a large proponent in the French Revolution which greatly emotionally affected Beethoven.
Beethoven revered him then despised him when he declared himself emperor. -
Period: to
Beethoven
He is the transitional figure from the Classical to the Romantic style
Composed all genres:
9 symphonies, 1 (bad) opera, Much piano music, Lieder, Many chamber pieces,
Virtuoso pianist,
Expert improvisor,
Made his living in Vienna as a performer before he gained fame as a composer.
Created heroic music for a heroic age fresh out of the French Revolution.
Develops themes more and for longer stretches than other composers.Took older forms and expanded them -
Period: to
Antonie (Anton) Reicha
Czech composer, especially important as a theorist in Paris.
18 operas, choral music, vocal-orchestral works, symphonies, overtures, concertos, chamber music, piano works, writings -
Period: to
Ferdinando Paer
Italian composer and teacher, admired by Napoleon.
55 operas, cantatas, oratorios, other vocal and chamber works -
Period: to
Klemenz Wenzel von Metternich
Chancellor of Austria
Hosted the Congress of Vienna and was instrumental in shaping social activities
The social activities fueled two new musical genres: the character piece and the Lied (song) -
Period: to
Gaspare Spotini
Italian working in Paris, conductor, Empress Josephine's favorite musician, central figure in French serious opera from 1800 to 1820.
24 operas, other dramatic works, songs, choral music, instrumental works, writings -
Period: to
Adrien Boieldieu
French composer, leading composer of opera in France during the 19th century, leader in opera comique.
Stage works, concertos, piano works, chamber music, choral music -
Period: to
E. T. A. Hoffmann
In 1813 he called Beethoven a “genius” and praised his instrumental music.
He wrote: “Beethoven’s music sets in motion the lever of fear, of awe, of horror, of suffering, and wakens just that infinite longing which is the essence of romanticism.”
Hoffmann is aware that romanticism has different goals for music than it did in the previous 18th century; Salieri had also seen it -
Period: to
Johann Nepomuk Hummel
Austrian composer, pianist, teacher, and conductor, student of Mozart, very important during his .
Piano works, chamber music, orchestral works, operas, ballets, songs and other vocal works, pedagogical works -
Period: to
Louise Reichardt
German composer and singing teacher, daughter of J. F. Reichardt, conducted women's chorus in Hamsburg.
more than 75 songs and choruses -
Period: to
John Field
Irish composer and pianist, originated the romantic style of piano writing that is credited to Chopin, invented the piano Nocturne. 7 piano concertos, chamber music, piano works -
Period: to
Nicolo Paganini
Italian violinist and composer, he contributed significantly to the history of the violin and to the development of virtuosity.
Violin-orchestral works, chamber music, violin solos, a few vocal works -
Period: to
Georges Onslow
French composer of English descent, Berlioz thought he would be Beethoven's successor, he was not.
4 symphonies, 4 dramatic works, 35 string quartets, 34 strings quintets, sonatas -
Period: to
Fernando Ries
German composer, pianist, and copyist, student of Beethoven.
Piano works, chamber music, 8 symphonies, overtures, concertos, 54 songs -
Period: to
Louis Spohr
German composer, conductor, and violinist, used leitmotifs in operas before Wagner, prolific.
13 stage works, 10 symphonies, many concertos, solo violin works, string quartets, chamber music, choral music, song, writings -
Period: to
Alessandro Manzoni
Italian poet and novelist who inspired Verdi's Requiem
His most noble tribute was the Requiem that Verdi wrote specially to honor his memory.
Verdi conducted the Requiem at the church of San Marco in Milan on May 22, 1874. -
Period: to
Frederick Kalkbrenner
French composer, pianist, and teacher of German birth, recognized throughout Europe for his performances. concertos, chamber music, piano works -
Period: to
Carl Maria von Weber
Composed the first German romantic opera “Der Freischütz” (The Magic Bullet, 1819-21) Italian composer and teacher, in his day as important as Verdi. 59 operas, ballets, choral music, cantatas, hymns, concertos, orchestral and chamber works -
Period: to
French Revolution
Greatly emotionally affected Beethoven and his music.
Triggered a great decline of theocracies and replaced them with republics and democracies.
Inspired topics of heroism which could be found in music of the time -
Lodoïska
written by Cherubini
Plot: the defeat of oppression dramatized as a heroic rescue from enslavement and imprisonment
This need to display liberty, equality, and heroism fueled not only opera, but music performances in general, and not just in France, but in other parts of Europe as well -
Period: to
Giacomo Meyerbeer
leading composer of French Grand Opera, Jewish and the object of Wagner's anti-Semitic writings in 1850. 17 operas, choral music, songs and a few instrumental works -
Period: to
Gioachino Rossini
the most famous composer in the early 19th century in Vienna, mostly choral music and operas, Italian. 39 operas, choral music, vocal works, 2 sinfonia -
Period: to
Ignaz Moscheles
Bohemian composer, pianist, teacher, and conductor of Czech birth, important as a pianist. Piano works, 1 symphony, piano concertos, chamber music, songs -
Paris Conservatoire
France founded the Paris Conservatory as a state institution for the training of musicians
Replaced the training in churches and courts
Cherubini was on the founding faculty -
Period: to
Saverio Mercadante
Italian composer and teacher, in his day as important as Verdi. 59 operas, ballets, choral music, cantatas, hymns, concertos, orchestral and chamber works -
Period: to
Schubert
Composed over 600 Lieder in his short life
Composed 17 operas and Singpiele, 9 symphonies, 35 chamber works, 200 choral pieces, and more
Son of a school teacher and taught school for a short while
Mostly a freelance composer; earned his income from teaching and publishing his music
Sponsored by his friends from the middle class and the wealthy lower nobility
His compositions were catalogued by Otto Erich Deutsch, so his works have a D. number -
Period: to
Heinrich Heine
poet who helped shape romanticism -
Period: to
Gaetano Donizetti
Student of Mayr, Verdi's immediate forerunner in serious Italian opera. 70 operas, symphonies, chamber music, 100 songs, choral music -
Period: to
Vincenzo Bellini
Italian opera composer, created dramas with extreme passion, action, and emotion. 10 serious operas -
Period: to
Hector Berlioz
French composer, conductor, critic, and author
Wrote a treatise on orchestration
1830: Berlioz orchestrated a program symphony in a new and modern way that created the modern orchestral sound
The concept behind his semi-autobiographical story-line for the program symphony was revolutionary
Inspired by literature
Composed works that are neither operas, symphonies, or oratorios
He was one of the first conductors to stand in front of the orchestra and conduct -
Period: to
Louise Farrenc
French composer, pianist, teacher, and scholar, most esteemed French female. many piano works, 2 overtures, 3 symphonies, and chamber music -
Period: to
Mikhail Glinka
father of Russian music, European trained. stage works, chamber music, orchestral works, piano works, vocal works -
Fidelio
Rescue opera. The only opera Beethoven ever wrote -
Period: to
Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
Older sister of Felix (1809-47)
They died the same year from series of strokes
same musical training as her brother: also a child prodigy, Goethe remarked the siblings equal in talent
More than 100 works for solo piano
More than 200 Lieder
24 chorus works
Several orchestra works + an overture
Various chamber ensembles.
Not supported by her family
Flourished in a man’s career: encouraged by her artistic and supportive husband
Notturno in G Minor (ca. 1838) Character piece: subgenre Nocturne -
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Opus 67, Mvt. 1
Beethoven
The opening motive is used throughout all mvmts as a unifying device: cyclic symphony.
First movement uses an insistent rhythmic drive, is constructed almost entirely from the 4-note opening motive theorists call it “Organic”
Composed in Vienna 1804-1808; first performed in 1808
Orchestration is fairly common; includes 3 trombones and a piccolo in the 4th mvmt
Beethoven replaces the minuet with a scherzo (movement III)
The Finale is in C Major it seems victorious and heroic -
Period: to
Felix Mendelssohn
Felix was very important because he revived J. S. Bach’s music
Started an “old music” trend; Baroque choral-orchestral works by Bach and Handel again performed
Lieder ohne Worte (Songs Without Words, 1829-45): a set of short, lyrical character pieces
8 volumes of 6 songs each, 48 total
Op. 19, No. 1 from Book I, 1829-30 -
Period: to
Frédéric Chopin
Called the poet of the piano Credited with originating the modern piano style
His style is virtuosic, yet poetic, character pieces are standards in piano repertoire
His playing style was the most delicate of all performers of his day
Half Polish (m) and half French (f)
Educated at the Conservatory of Warsaw in Poland: Moved to Paris (a center for new Romanticism) in 1830s
“Involved” with Aurore Dudevant, a female author who published under the name George Sand
Found great success in the Salons -
Period: to
Felicien David
French composer, the only composer to do something highly original in symphony music after Berlioz, favored oriental topics. stage works, symphonies, tone poems, choral music, oratorios, other chamber, piano and vocal works -
Period: to
Robert Schumann
German composer, writer, pianist
Studied literature: founder and editor of Die neue Zeitschrift für Musick (The New Journal for Music)
4 symphonies, 300+ Lieder, a piano concerto, much chamber and piano music and one opera
Symphony #4 in Dm op.120 (1841 rv. 1851)
Variations in E-flat on an Original Theme (Geistervariationen) Woo.24 (1854)
Close friend to Felix Mendelssohn, the young Johannes Brahms, and Joseph Joachim (violinist) -
Period: to
Ambroise Thomas
French composer, important to French opera. operas, ballets, songs, vocal works, chamber music, orchestral works, pedagogical works -
Evidence of Romanticism
Evidence of romantic aesthetics appeared in print describing Beethoven -
Philharmonic Society
Johann Salomon (Haydn’s patron) and others founded the Philharmonic Society
A concert series with a repertory founded on Beethoven’s symphonies -
Period: to
Richard Wagner
Wagner and Beethoven were the two most influential musicians in the 19th century
Wagner’s musical innovations in harmony and orchestration revolutionized instrumental music and opera
Born in Leipzig, Germany
Early 1830s: Began composing operas; positions with opera companies
1843: Appointed as the second Kapellmeister
1864: gained support from King Ludwig II of Bavaria
Post-1850, he wrote what he called music dramas
His music dramas were his idea of opera where all the elements were equal -
Period: to
Giuseppe Verdi
The most important Italian composer mid to late 19th century
Primarily opera
Composed a very popular Requiem, some choral music, and 2 string quartets
Hailed as a hero of Italy and audiences yelled “Viva Verdi” at his productions
Some choruses in Verdi’s operas were politically inflammatory, asking his compatriots to unite for national unity against foreign domination
composed 28 operas
Macbeth, 1847
Rigoletto, 1851
Il trovatore, 1853
La traviata, 1853
Aida, 1871
Otello, 1887
Falstaff, 1893 -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
They restored strong monarchies in France, Spain, and the Netherlands.
They awarded parts of the Italian territories and parts of Poland to other sovereignties.
They reshaped the defunct Holy Roman Empire into a German Confederation dominated by Austria and Prussia.
Despite this, revolutions broke out in 1848 as a strong push for independent national status in Germany, Italy, and in Central and Eastern Europe. -
Erlkönig
One of Goethe's poems set to music by Schubert.
Based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die
Several German words have vague meanings
Where they are riding to is not clear:
—the German word “Hof” can mean “yard,” “courtyard,” “farm,” or (royal) “court”
The reader must imagine the details
A milestone in the history of Romanticism because:
The topic brought alive through music
The strong expression of the tragic text through music -
Period: to
Josephine Lang
German composer and singer, one of the most published female composers in the 19th century. 150 songs, piano works -
Period: to
Niels Gade
Danish composer, conductor, violinist, and teacher, ranked with Brahms by the contemporary public. Stage works, choral music, symphonies, chamber music, piano works, songs -
Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog
Painting by Caspar David Friedrich. Shows the same sentiments of longing as music of the romantic era. May other artists showed this as well -
Period: to
Charles Gounod
French prolific composer, wrote in most genres of the day. 12 operas, oratorios, masses, much choral music, piano works -
“Der Freischütz” (The Magic Bullet)
Composed by Carl Maria von Weber.
the first German romantic opera -
The Carlsbad Decrees
These decrees placed severe limits on freedom of expression by individuals (including artists) and institutions such as Universities and presses.
Vienna was not a place in the 1820s that allowed any kind of artistic expression.
Think about how this could have affected the emerging romantic style.
Both Beethoven and Schubert were working there in the 1820s. -
Period: to
Clara Wieck (Schumann)
Clara: child prodigy, composer, and performer
By age 15 she had composed several works including a piano concerto
A famous virtuoso as a child
Widowed in 1856; supported herself and children
Limited output: she was mother of 8, a touring concert pianist, and, for most of her life, the main income provider for her family
Composed:
1 piano concerto
Chamber music, songs, and many pieces for solo piano
Cadenzas for piano concertos by Mozart and Beethoven -
Period: to
Jacques Offenbach
founder of Opera bouffe, intriduced the can-can. 97 dramatic works, vocal works, ballets, dance music, works for cello -
Period: to
Pauline Viardot-Garcia
French composer, teacher, singer, pianist, student of Liszt. stage works, choral music, vocal, instrumental and piano works -
London Royal Academy of Music
London opened its own music school. Cherubini also became the director of the Paris Conservatory this year -
Period: to
Cesar Franck
French nationalist composer, teacher, and organist. stage works, choral music, orchestral works, songs, chamber music, piano and organ works -
Period: to
Joachim Raff
German composer, teacher, and writer ranked with Brahms in his day, associated with Liszt. stage works, choral-orchestral works, 11 symphonies, chamber music, other vocal and piano works -
Period: to
Bedřich Smetana
Bohemian
Best known for his programmatic cycle of 6 symphonic poems called Má vlast (My Country)
The Moldau is the second tone poem in this cycle
Smetana is considered the founder of Czech music
Identified with the progressive ideas of Liszt and Wagner
Wanted to create specifically Czech music, but lost artistic support in Prague where he was the Provisional Theatre’s director: stepped down in 1874 -
Period: to
Anton Bruckner
Austrian composer and organist, follower of Wagner, known for large orchestrations. symphonies, organ works, choral music -
Period: to
Eduard Hanslick
Austrian music critic and writer, considered the first professional music critic, we learn a great deal about 19th century aesthetics from his writings, professor of music history and aesthetics at the University of Vienna -
Period: to
Stephen Foster
American song composer
He was the first American to make a living as a professional songwriter, although he died broke at the age of 37; a penniless alcoholic -
Three part biography of Beethoven
Published by Hector Berlioz one year after Beethoven's death -
Period: to
Louis Moreau Gottschalk
American Nationalist
Born in New Orleans
He was a child prodigy on the piano: Chopin said he would become “the king of pianists”
By age 7 he was able to substitute for his teacher at the organ at Mass
Sent to Paris to study
Berlioz said, “the boldness, the brilliancy, and the originality of his playing at once dazzles and astonishes
one of the most significant American 19th century musicians, well-known in Europe. symphonies, concertos, piano works, operas, a few vocal works -
Period: to
Anton Rubinstein
Russian composer and virtuoso pianist, founder of the St. Petersburg, Conservatory in 1862.
stage works, concertos, piano and choral works, chamber music, songs, writings -
Symphonie fantastique
A program symphony in 5 movements by Hector Berlioz
I. Reveries, Passions
II. A Ball
III. Scene in the Fields
IV. March to the Scaffold
V. Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath -
Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
An article about Beethoven’s instrumental music written by E. T. A. Hoffmann was published in a music journal that reviewed new music and composers -
Period: to
Joseph Joachim
Hungarian violinist, composer, conductor, teacher, toured with Clara Schumann, friends with Brahms. Overtures, concertos, chamber music, pedagogical works -
Berlioz studies of Beethoven
Hector Berlioz began writing detailed studies of Beethoven’s symphonies; published in several journals -
Chopin, Mazurka in B-flat minor, Opus 24, No. 4
Character piece by Chopin: Mazurka is the subgenre
Mazurka: a Polish folk dance in triple meter often with a heavy accent on the second or third beat of each measure -
Period: to
Johannes Brahms
Brahms was the younger composer of the group
1853 (age 20): traveled to meet the Schumanns
This meeting began a life-long friendship
German romantic composer
Continued the classical traditions, especially in form
A scholar; one of the first editors of J. S. Bach’s music
In 1850 when certain composers in Germany wanted to honor Bach, they began a collected edition
Composed 4 symphonies, choral music, piano music, lieder, chamber music, overtures, but no opera -
Period: to
Aleksandr Borodin
One of the Russian Mighty Five, a chemist by profession. symphonies, string quartets, operas, vocal and piano works -
Period: to
Nikolay Rubinstein
Russian composer, pianist, conductor and teacher, brother of Anton, he founded the Moscow Conservatory -
Period: to
Camille Saint-Saens
French composer, pianist, organist, and writer. stage works, choral music, songs, orchestral works, chamber music, piano works -
Period: to
Cesar Cui
One of the Russian Mighty Five, of French descent. stage works, choral music, orchestral and piano works, chamber music, songs -
Period: to
Georges Bizet
French composer who created a new type of serious French opera. dramatic works, piano works -
Period: to
Modest Musorgsky
One of the Russian Mighty Five, most famous of the 5 today. music is rooted in Russian folksong and lore. operas, orchestral works, piano works, Russian songs and cycles -
Period: to
John Knowles Paine
American, organist, composer, teacher of the new generation of American composers, Harvard's first professor of music. stage works, choral music, songs, orchestral works, piano and chamber works -
Period: to
Romantic Nationalism
Reaction of other countries after Germany asserted their artistic superiority. Designed to assert the worth of their own art. -
Period: to
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
composed several ballets that are still famous today:
Swan Lake (1877)
The Sleeping Beauty (1890)
The Nutcracker (1892)
Composed 8 operas, 7 symphonies, 3 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, symphonic poems, overtures, chamber, keyboard, choral music, and songs -
Period: to
Antonin Dvořák
From Bohemia (Czechoslovakia)
Czechoslovakian nationalist composer
He took an interest in the United States’ folk music
Studied Black American cultures and music of the Native Americans, pentatonic scale was featured in both
Angered Bostonians when he announced that the future of American music could be found within the music of the African American culture
Decided to use pentatonicism in his symphony of 1893, which became known as the “New World” symphony – actually “From the New World.” -
Period: to
Emmanuel Chabrier
French composer and pianist, Ravel's main influence, important for his piano works and imaginative stage works. operas, songs, vocal and orchestral works, piano works -
Period: to
Anton Dvorak
the most famous of the Czech composers, lived in the US, influenced by African American and Native American music and culture. 9 symphonies, choral music, chamber music, piano works, concertos, orchestral works -
New York Philharmonic
New York Philharmonic was founded -
Period: to
Jules Massenet
French composer. 25 operas, 280 songs, orchestral works, piano works, symphony poems -
Period: to
Arthur Sullivan
English composer and conductor, his comic operas are still popular today. (Gilbert and Sullivan operas) stage works, choral-orchestral works, other orchestral works, hymns, chamber music -
Period: to
Edvard Greig
most important Norwegian composer of his day. concertos, orchestral works, stage works, choral music, chamber music, piano works -
Period: to
Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov
one of the Russian Mighty Five, important as a teacher, conductor, wrote an orchestration treatise -
Period: to
Gabriel Faure
French composer, teacher, and keyboardist, foreshadowed modern tonality and style, extremely important as a teacher, head of the Paris Conservatory. stage works, choral music, vocal and orchestral works, chamber music, piano works -
The symphonic (tone) poem
A one-movement orchestral work created by Franz Liszt in 1848 as an option to the traditional symphonic form
Famous tone poems include:
Liszt’s “Les Preludes”
Smetana’s “The Moldau”
Debussy’s “Prelude to ‘The Afternoon of a Faun’” -
Rigoletto
First produced in Venice, Italy
the libretto was Based on Victor Hugo’s (1802-85) play called “The King is Amused” (1832)
Hugo was the leader of French literary romanticism
It had been banned in France
After Verdi set it to music, it gained popularity
Set in a Renaissance court in Mantua, Italy
Plot revolves around lechery, deceit, and treachery
The high-born Duke is portrayed as an awful person: that was the main reason it was banned -
Period: to
Vincent d'Indy
French composer, theorist and writer, Franck's leading pupil, used folksongs. tone poems, symphonies, operas, keyboard works -
Period: to
Charles Villiers Stanford
British composer, conductor, writer and teacher, made important contributions to English church music. oratorios, cantatas, choral and vocal music, symphonies, concertos, keyboard works, chamber music, stage works -
Le banjo: Fantasie grotesque (The Banjo)
Character piece by Louis Gottschalk
A B A coda -
Period: to
Engelbert Humperdinck
German composer, critic and teacher, close to Wagner. stage music, choral music, a few instrumental works -
Period: to
John Philip Sousa
American, leader of the US Marine Band in 1880. over 100 marches. vocal works -
Period: to
Ernest Chausson
French composer, admirer of Franck and Wagner. tone poems, stage works, chamber and vocal music -
Period: to
Cecil Chaminade
French composer and pianist, most of her works were published. 200 piano works, chamber music, opera comique 2 concertos -
Period: to
Edward Elgar
English composer, recieved international acclaim, not folksong oriented. symphonies, overtures, 9 stage works, choral music, chamber music and piano works -
Period: to
Ruggiero Leoncavallo
Italian composer and librettist, strove for realism in his dramatic works, operas, oprettas, 2 libretti, a few eyboard works -
Period: to
Giacomo Puccini
composed Some of the last great operas in the Italian tradition of bel canto
Did not compose a lot, but treasured today
most important Italian composer after Verdi
first pieces were for organ based on his own improvisations from popular Tuscan folksongs & Italian operas.
In 1880, studied at the Milan conservatory
Manon Lescaut 1893, first taste of international fame
Twelve operas:
Manon Lescaut (1893)
La bohème (1896)
Tosca (1900)
Madame Butterfly (1904)
Gianni Schicchi (1918)
Turandot (1926) -
“Viva Verdi”
started with Giuseppi Verdi
Translated to Live Verdi: the acronym actually stood for:
Viva Vittorio Emanuel Re d’Italia” (Long live Victor Emanuel King of Italy) – the first King of Italy -
Period: to
Cecil Sharp
English composer, collector and editor of folksongs, folksong editions -
Period: to
Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Polish pianist and composer
Prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919
Made a piano roll recording of this piece -
Period: to
Gustav Mahler
known as a conductor and secondly as composer
Bohemian
Bridged the Austro-German romantic traditions of composing with the new modern styles in the 20th century
His music was neglected until after WWII
maximalism-Expansion: forms, genres, sizes of orchestras, melodies, thematic development, harmonies
Music pushed to the limit without crossing the threshold of atonality or modernism
opera director of the Vienna opera (1897-1907)
Composed 10 symphonies, orchestral lieder, and traditional lieder -
Period: to
Hugo Wolf
Wrote mostly Lieder, influenced by Wagner. 250 Lieder, 1 opera -
Period: to
The Bartered Bride
Czech comic opera written by Bedřich Smetana, which played a large role in establishing Czech music -
Period: to
Aleksandr Glazunov
Pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov, last of the Russian nationalists, symphonies, concertos, stage works, chamber music, choral music -
Má vlast (My Country)
Tone poem by Bedřich Smetana
He uses tone painting to evoke the sounds of the Moldau River
Wrote a program for the piece as an explanation -
Period: to
Béla Bartók
Published 2000 tunes he collected from Eastern European countries (Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Slovakia, Serbia, and Bulgaria)
Wrote books and articles on this music
Arranged and created music based on traditional tunes
Taught piano at the Budapest Academy of Music from 1907-1934
Developed a set of 153 pieces in 6 books for teaching (Didactic)
Fused folk elements with the highly developed modern techniques of compositions
Wrote in all genres: Opera, string quartets, concertos, orchestral music -
Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90
Traditional 4 movement symphony by Brahms
Movement 3: Not a Minuet and Trio
III. Poco allegretto -
Period: to
Mily Balakirev
One of the Russian Mighty Five, one of the more professionally trained musicians of the 5. stage works, choral music, orchestral and piano works -
Madame Butterfly
Versimo opera
Puccini’s inspiration for this opera: a play by David Belasco called Madame Butterfly
premiered 1904: a disaster
The publisher Ricordi wrote about it in the March edition of his journal, Musice e Musicist
the audience was against Puccini before the opera began.
When the main character entered singing, they thought it sounded too similar to his La Bohème, and they began to boo him.
At one point Butterfly’s kimono billowed up, and they began to laugh and yell that she was pregnant. -
Period: to
Das Lied von der Erde (“The Song of the Earth”)
Orchestral song cycle by Mahler
A set of six poems
No. 3, “Von der Jugend” (“Of Youth”)
Pentatonic melodies
The folk-like quality in this Lied descends from the Austrian tradition of Brahms and German Romanticism