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Alfred Thayer Mahan
-Theodore Roosevelt was one of Mahans followers
-His books he wrote the influence of sea power upon history
-Argued to achieve world power a country headed a power Navy
-Naval bases to provide fueling stations -
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Stanford B. Dole
-His relation w/ the U.S., him and his family made the Dole pineapple company
-Effects played a prominent & active role in the overthrown of Queen Liluokalami Government (1900-1903)
-Connections-family had pineapple plantations
-Led the provisional Gov. while it worked out plans for the U.S. to annex the island during the Spanish American War -
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Henry Cabot Lodge
-Henry was Republican U.S. Senator from (1893-1924)
-Henry Lodge had a strong Navy which resulted in a relationship w/ Theodore Roosevelt, later differed in domestic matters
-Theodore Roosevelt & Henry Lodge wanted to introduce the U.S. to imperialism like the European country's -
USS Maine
-In 1898, USS Maine was sent to Havana to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain
-Although the explosion remains unknown, the Hearst & Pulitzer News paper blamed the Spanish for sabotage- Yellow Journalism
-The sinking of Maine set off a fire storm making the people protest in the U.S. -
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Spanish American War
-Americas support of Cubans & filipinos against Spanish rule
-Location of military action. Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, & Asia Pacific
-The effects of the peace treaty. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of 20 million from the U.S. to Spain & the U.S. became a world power
-The Navy was being created as a large defense -
San Juan Hill
-Was a decisive battle of Spanish-American war
-The San Juan heights was a North-South running elevation about 2 kilometers East of Santiago de Cuba
-Rough Riders were ordered to engage 760 Spanish soldiers defending San Juan heights. The battle that made T.R. famous was actually fought on Kettle Hill. -
Open Door Policy
-Cause: they wanted to build and Empire
-United States did not have a sphere of influence of economic activities
-Protect American businessmen & inventors that Americans would shut out of China by the Europeans powers
-U.S. participation would oppose any attempt by other nations to use the Rebellion as an excuse to dismember China -
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Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
Events that led him to become president-was William McKinleys vice president 1901 in September Roosevelt became president when William was assassinated
Catch Phrase-"Speak softly & carry a big stick" Do not use verbal threats, but do make others aware that you are prepared to use physical force (U.S. Navy)
Domestic Policy-Crater Lake National Park
Wind Cave National Park
Sully's Hill
Platt National Park
Mesa Verde National Park -
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Building of Panama Canal
Purpose- American leaders & businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly & cheaply b/w Atlantic & Pacific Ocean
-Colombia & Panama @the time Teddy R. made a deal w/ Panamanian rebels who wanted independence since Colombia didn't want want to negotiate warships were sent to protect Panamas rebels giving them their own country & Gov.
-Roosevelt wanted the canal almost once the construction expenses ranged from Thousands of lives, 10 years, and $4 million -
Roosevelt Corollary
-Policy changed: the policy changed the Monroe Doctrine
-Stated Purpose: was for no European nation to trade w/ Latin America "Chronic Wrongdoing" purpose a phrase that included large debts which led to U.S. Military action
-How it was actually used: It was considered "Yankee Imperialism" by Latin Americans b/c instead of helping them they influenced throughout the hemisphere "speak softly & carry a big stick" the stick was the U.S. Navy -
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Dollar Diplomacy
-Purpose was to promote foreign policy goals
-Intended gov. make America more money
-Took place in Caribbean region (Central & South America)
-U.S. banks banned money to Latin American countries if they couldn't repay the loans U.S. Marines were sent in to assure repayment by force -
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Weapons of Total War
-Submarine to go underwater
-Create mines (underwater mines)
-Enemy ships
-Mines:(P)to destroy surface ships & submarines
to destroy their enemies
hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a Harbor
-Machine guns-(P)not carry guns around this made it easier
-Took up too many men to work(c)to make war killing easier
-Trench welfare-(P)Protect soldiers from enemies
-Caused both sides to use same methods which protected them from machine guns
-NOT matched by similar advances in mobility -
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Weapons of Total Warfare Part B
-Canned Food: created to feed soldiers during war, made possible thanks to the creation of tinned cans. The food didn't spoil for the man in the trenches.
-Poison Gas: during the warfare poison gases based on mustard were were used in WW1 but later prohibited by the Geneve protocal of 1925, later also by the chemical weapons convention of 1993 -
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Weapons of Total War B(B)
-Tanks: Designed for front-line combat. was also used as shield from heavy machinery had heavy power.
-Airplane: 1st used as a reconnaissance plane for the front lines, later equipped with weapons to create a flying weapon. -
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World War One
-Leading by mid August to the outbreak of WW1 which pitted Germany, Austriq-Hungary, & the Ottoman Empire against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, & Japan
-Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism- was occurring in Europe while led to the beginnings of WW1
-By the time WW1 ended in the defeat of central powers in November 1918 more than 9million soldiers had killed
-But the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the spark that started the War -
Sinking of the Lusitania
-The sinking of the Cunard Ocean liner RMS Lusitania occured on 05/07/1915 during the first World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland the British Royal Navy Blockaded Germany -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
-Was first introduced in WW1 when Germany declared the area around the British isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships including those from neutral countries would be attacked by the German Navy, which led to the U.S. into war.
-Submarines sink vessels such as freighters & tankers w/o warning. -
Sussex Pledge
-Promise made in 1916 during WW1 by Germany to the U.S.
-The Sussex a french cross-channel passenger ferry was torpedoed w/o warning on March 24, 1916. About 50 lives were taken. -
Zimmerman Telegram
-The Zimmerman Telegram was an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign office in January, 1917 that proposed a military alliance b/w Germany & Mexico in the event of the United States entering World War 1 vs. Germany -
Alvin York
-Was a 29 year old who was typical draftee, under priviliged, & under educated.
-In the battle of the Argonne Forest w/ nothing but his pistol & rifle he reportedly killed 25 Germans & captured 132 prisoners.
-He received the medal of honor for his heroic actions. -
Espionage Acts
-Interfering w/ war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about govt. or war effort.
-A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced 20 years in jail.
-A man by the name of Charles Schencte distributed 1,000 flyers to recently drafted men saying "Involuntary Servitude" was taken to trial. -
America Expeditionary Force
-The AEF consisted of the U.S. armed forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight WW1
-14,000 U.S. soldiers had arrived in France & the AEF had only a minor participation
-Nickname "dough boys" possibly b/c of the white belt they wore which they clean the pipe clay or "dough"
-Pershing believe in a combat and felt that 3 years of trench warfare made allies too defensive American forced to stop German advance -
The Fourteen Point Plan
-The fourteen point plans were distributed by the government writing for George Creal in the American committed
-Allies accept the fourteen points as the basis for the country peace negotiations if Wilson would agree to two reservations. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
-BEF & French army would attack the German lines at Flanders
-Was one of a series of allured attacks known as the "Hundred Days Offensive"
-The battle was known for the lost battalion, the combine attack was a success & was to create the beginning of the war. -
Schenck vs. U.S.
-Charles Schenck was convinced for distributions literature that encouraged men to resist the draft in WW1
-Schenck claims 1st amendment was violated
-Court ruled there were limits to freedom of speech like "clear & present danger" and shouting "fire" in a crowded movie theatre which is not protected by the 1st amendment -
Supreme Court
-Issue: The 1st Amendment violated when congress makes a law that punishes opinions against the war.
-Congress passed a law called the Esponage Act which said that during wartime obstructing the draft was crime.
-The court ruled that there is limit to free speech, free speech is not protected from falsely should "Fire" in a crowded theater & causing panic. The 1st amendment did not protect words that create a "clear & present danger". -
League of Nations
-Intergovernmental organization as a result of the Paris peace conference
-Purpose was to maintain world peace
-Weakness: lacked their own armed forces they depended on the great powers, but they were reluctant to help
-The league severely weakened when several major powers such as the U.S. and Russia failed to join it
-League proved incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers & countries started withdrawing from the league