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Alexander was intially fairly liberal and ruled as an Enlightened Despot, however, after the fall of Napoleon, he became reactionary. Opposition groups soon arose.
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Louis XVIII was the first of the Bourbon Family to be restored to the throne after Napoleon. He was a moderate leader and kept in place many of the changes that Napoleon had made.
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The Congress of Vienna recognized the 32 independent German States as the German Confederation, though it remained ununified.
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The Netherlands were unified with the House of Orange as the monarchs. The Belgians seceeded from Netherlands to form their own country.
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British troops shot down protesters of the Corn Laws, killing 11 unarmed citizens.
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The Holy Alliance would not tolerate revolution, so they sent an army to the south and crushed the rebels.
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Charles X was considered an ultraroyalist, granting privileges back to the aristocracy and enforcing the control of the Catholic Church. His policies sent France to the brink of another revolution.
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The revolt transformed Nicholas from a conservative to a reactionary as he desperately tried to avoid revolution. He created a secret police force and strengthened the bureaucracy to report political opponents.
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The military leaders of the Northern Union revolted against the accession of Nicholas to the throne. The rebels were crushed by loyalist troops, and their leaders were executed.
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The July Revolution is considered the Second French Revolution. It was an immediate response to Charles's set of edicts that censored the press, disolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate.
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Belgians revolted against the Netherlands. Most were Catholic and the Netherlands was still Protestant, so there was still religion involved.
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The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by Russia.
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King Charles Albert was a big proponent of the unification of Italy and was fiercely anti-Austrian. He later gave up the throne to his son, Victor Emmanuel.
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The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by Russia.
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The Reform Act increased franchise to small landowners, tenant farmers, and shopkeepers. It also increased voting in the bouroughs.
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Ferdinand was the Emperor of Austria. He gave up his throne to his nephew after he was unsuccessful in pleasing revolutionaries.
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Corn Laws were finally repealed in 1846, a triumph for the manufacturers, whose expansion had been hampered by protection of grain, against the landed interests.
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Nationalism and the desire for a constitutional monarchy were the main causes of this revolution.
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Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria,and also ruled Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. From 1850 to1866, he was President of the German Confederation.
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Metternich worked for years to hold the Austrian Empire together, but now, in the wake of the French February Revolution, the ethnic groups became even more resistant to Austrian control.
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When Milan revolted in against Austrian rulers, Charles Albert also declared war on Austria. But Austrian power was too great, and Piedmont was defeated.
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This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. It produced the Frankfurt Constitution.
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The Czechs wanted to form their own government, however, they were ruthlessly suppressed by Austrian military.
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In the early days of the Second Republic, unemployment was high and people revolted. The uprising failed.
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Austrian troops moved into Lombardy and Venetia.
