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By Alexander Cummings. Sealed the toilet bowl.
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33% of population lived in towns
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Replaced wooden pipes with cast iron
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First company to install a sand filtration system to purify water from Thames
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Built microscope with x1000 magnification enabled observation of microorganisms, added to germ theorey of disease
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Caused by contaminated water supply.
Killed 31,000 -
Advised local government areas to set up boards to deal with issues at grassroots level. In response to cholera epidemic and riots.
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Allow local authorities to enforce measures and finance them with poor rates.
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Rioted against the local medical men, belief that patients were murdered for dissection
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Dr James Kay, demonstrated connection between dirt and diet with disease. Inspiration for later reformers.
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Greater representation for growing industrial towns in North.
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Ended system of closed corporations (councillors reappointing themselves). Councils could assume control of paving, sewerage etc. Required private act of parliament - expensive.
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Registration of births, deaths and marriages.
Urban birth rates higher than death rates. -
Living in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions with little clean water lead to body lice which spread typhus
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George Orwell. Documented conditions of working classes in Yorkshire and Lancashire
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Built steam pumping station to filter Thames water
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Living in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions with little clean water lead to body lice which spread typhus
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Focused on London first then extended, carried out by Chadwick. Publication refused as criticised water companies, medical professionals and local administration. Chadwick published it on his own.
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42/50 towns had bad drainage
30/50 had poor water supply
Report contained recommendations of local sanitary districts and powers to central government. -
Central committee in London. Carried out propaganda campaign for public health legislation.
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Investigated living conditions of the poor
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Required new construction built within 30ft of common sewer. Without building inspector many disregarded rule.
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Very poor conditions of Woolcombers as worked at home, average life expectancy of 14. Set up own committee.
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Justices could prosecute those responsible for nuisance properties
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Local authorities could provide baths and warehouses out of public money.
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Living in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions with little clean water lead to body lice which spread typhus.
Killed 10,000 in north-west England -
Rights of towns to lay drainage. Legalised discharge of sewage into sea.
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By Elizabeth Gaskell. Book describes poor living conditions.
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Permissive act, Reported to parliament. Local authorities empowered to set up local boards of health, appoint a medical officer. Finance projects by levying local rates.
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Implementation of act overshadowed by cholera epidemic and subsequent board of health. Beginning of state intervention in public health.
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50% lived in towns
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All lodging houses to be registered and inspected by police. Rarely enforced.
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George Jennings. By 1850 all new builds required flushing toilet.
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Caused by contaminated water supply.
Killed 62,000 people -
Newspaper headed a campaign for effective sewerage in London.
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Abolished General Board of Health, powers given to the local government act office. Medical department of the Privy Council set up. Local Boards of Health had powers to take preventative action and appoint officials.
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Showed microorganisms lived in air, added to germ theorey of disease
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Killed 20,000
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Sanitary powers to all local boards. Central government could step into to Improvement work. Local authorities had powers to demolish slum housing.
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Gave vote to working class men.
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Local councils power to force landlords to repair unsanitary houses, or remove them.
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Revealed improved conditions since Chadwick's report
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Consolidated function of the local government act office, registrar, medical department and Poor Law board.
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Every part of the country to have a public health authority with 1 medical officer and 1 sanitary inspector. Local authorities had powers on public amenities.
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Councils had power to clear whole districts not just single houses.
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72% lived in towns
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Biological treatment to ensure safety
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Consolidated previous legislation. Local authorities had majority control over water supply.
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Local authorities had control over slaughter houses and food adulteration.