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Paul Gauguin
French artist who used primitivism. -
John Philip Sousa
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John Philip Sousa
Bandmaster known for his marches, failed at making operas. Conducted the "president's own" marine band. -
Erik Satie
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Erik Satie
Composer who used Undisguised avant-garde. -
Charles Ives
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Charles Ives
Ives father shaped the way he heard things. They would harmonize in the wrong key, etc. Was a composer for the Aleatoric genre. Wrote "The Question." Very misunderstood. -
Wanda Landowska
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Wanda Landowska
Harpsichordist, Polish born. -
Robert Nathaiel Dett
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Igor Stravinsky
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Igor Stravinsky
Russian Composer who write Rite of Spring in 1913. He used primitivism. Was obsessed with the number 13. -
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Robert Nathaiel Dett
Canadian-American Black Composer. Specialized in piano. -
Edgar Varese
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Edgar Varese
Had visions for a new musical timbre and modern orchestration techniques. Minimized the use of strings (see non-tonal genre) -
Florence Price
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Florence Price
Born in Little Rock , Died in Chicago. First female black composer, piano prodigy, first composition at 11 years old. She presented herself as Mexican to avoid discrimination, attended New England Conservatory. Career flourished in Chicago, began composing in 1910. -
William Grant Still
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William Grant Still
American Composer -
Henry Cowell
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Henry Cowell
John Cage's teacher. Invented Chance Music and coined the term tone cluster. -
George Gershwin
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George Gershwin
American Composer, classical fused with jazz and popular music. Wrote Rhapsody in Blue. -
Duke Ellington
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Duke Ellington
American Jazz Composer, piano player -
Aaron Copland
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Undisguised avant-garde
During this time period bold expressions against Romanticism were going on by artists like Dali and Duchamp. Satie and Faure were publicly spoofing the Wagnerian style in the attempt of stepping out of the romantic aesthetic. There as delight in Emotional Opulence. -
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Aaron Copland
American Composer -
Elliot Carter
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Elliot Carter
American Modernist Composer. Used polyrhythm, metric modulation etc. -
Pierre Schaeffer
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Neo-Classicism
This genre was a bit of a return to styles from the 18th century, with some modern techniques implemented.Began with the revival of Bach. -
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Primitivism
Western visual art movement, folklike. See Rite of Spring -
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Pierre Schaeffer
French Composer. He first developed the Musique Concrete technique using a tape recorder (see Musique Concrete) -
John Cage
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John Cage
American Composer that wrote 4:33. Wrote chance music, Henry Cowell's student. -
Billy Strayhorn
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Billie Holiday
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Dadaism
Anti-art thinking. Genre against war. People from all arts came together for this time. -
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Billie Holiday
American Singer -
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Billy Strayhorn
American Jazz Composer. Composed A train "collaborated" with Ellington. -
Leonard Bernstein
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Leonard Bernstein
American Composer, composed West Side Story Music. -
Scat Singing
Scat Singing is improvised Jazz in which the voce imitates an instrument. Was popular around this time. Louis Armstrong was a great early jazz performer. -
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Non-Tonal
Style of music that focuses on elements other than pitch. Percussion ensembles benefited from this. Edgard Varese is to thank for his vision in modern techniques ( where strings were minimal.) -
Swing Era
Jazz lead style began in New Orleans -
Porgy and Bess
Gershwin wrote this to be an American Fold Opera. First opera with all black cast. -
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World War II
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Musique Concrete
This genre had deep effects on modern music. Pierre Schaeffer developed this technique by using a tape recorder. The things recorded were sounds of nature which were then manipulated by tape slicing in order to overlap these sounds. -
BeBop
New Cool Jazz Form -
Aleatoric
Also known as Chance Music, a concept where the composer left musical elements in a performance up to chance and were never the same. Charles Ives and Henry Cowell laid foundations for this. -
Indeterminate
Also based off of elements of chance. First type of this genre came from aleatoric music. John Cage lectured on this topic in 1958 and 1961. Another type of this genre was composed by Iannis Xcnakis and Karlheinz Stockhausen. They focused on an indeterminate process of composition. -
Electronische Musik
Also known as electronic music. This genre was developed in Germany in the 1950s after Stockhausen worked with Schaeffer in their studio in 1952. Cologne was the leading city for this genre with its radio studio NWDR. -
Civil Rights Movement
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Textural
This genre functioned alongside non-tonal music with its broad sonic chunks called sound masses. Textural music uses sound blocks which were manipulated through musical means. Ligeti and Penderecki exploited Ttextural music with ther works Atmospheres and Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima. -
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Maximized Expressionism
Including integral serialism -
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Vietnam War
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Tape Recorder Invention
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Minimalism
Style of repetitive music. Based on the notion that small units of musical material, could only be repeated with slight variation over time. Opposite to the maximalist extreme. -
Neo-Romanticism
Label given to a sort of music that appeals to people who are hoping to understand and embrace the music. -
Neo-Tonality
New mother tongue of late 20th and early 21st century. In Wagner's music. Tristan Chord is an example. Use of chromaticism. Consonance and dissonance are becoming less distinct. Mostly the 7ths of these 2 and 2nds are now part of new colorful tonal system. -
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Postmodernism
Aesthetic attitude that focused on uniting past elements of music into a new style. This style has crossed into popular music of our day. -
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Totalism
Term used recently to describe music that developed among composers working in NYC as a response to minimalism. Totalist music pursues the still unbroken paths of maximalism. The genre features complexity as its primary aim, which is a trait placed above other aesthetic goals. -
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New Complexity
Ties closely with concepts central to totalism. This genre is usually abstract, dissonant, microtonal, and relies on extreme contrast as a desirable aesthetic trait. -
World Wide Web
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Globalization
Has been a direct result of tech which allowed immediate exchange of ideas. -
Maximalized Aesthetics for Our Maxed-Out Maximalism
Our current American society values the extreme.