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African American involvement in politics at all levels grew. They held office in local, state, and federal government.
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African Americans founded Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities.
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Gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws (black codes) that severely restricted their lives. It was vetoed by Amdrew Johnson but Congress overrode the veto.
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Makes all persons "born or naturalized in the U.S." citizens.
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Segregation laws that separated white and black people in public and private facilities (schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems). Also included a poll tax.
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Protected the voting rights of African Americans and gave the federal government power to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment.
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States that no one can be kept from voting because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
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More than 1,400 African American men and women were shot, burned, or hanged without trial in the South.
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The large-scale movement of hundreds of Southern blacks to cities in the North. Contributing factors included racial discrimination, floods/droughts, and job opportunities in the North.
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Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. It established the doctrine of "separate but equal",
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Urged African Americans to protest racial violence
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A literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture. Some notable artists include Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington. Represented a portion of great social and cultural changes that swept America in the 1920s.