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Micrologus is a guide that teaches Guido's newly developed sight singing system, called solmization. Solmization is based on a hexachord system, and uses 6 pitches. Guido also created the 4-line staff, the idea of relative pitch and sight singing syllables, as well as accidentals.
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The Ars Nova period saw the development of a new style of music, which was opposed by older generations. The Ars Nova Treatise laid the foundation for modern music notation, including the usage of time signatures, and introduced a new note shape that resulted in a smaller division of time, the division of beats into duple or triple meter, and allowed for syncopation.
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Motet by Josquin des Prez
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"A Mighty Fortress is our God," a chorale by Martin Luther
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Madrigal by Arcadelt
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A mass written by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Legend has it that this mass saved polyphony from the Council of Trent by proving that 6-voice, polyphonic music could still be intelligible, and therefore was suitable for sacred music.
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The parody mass on Tomas Luis de Victoria's motet "O magnum mysterium," (1572).
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An instrumental work composed by Giovanni Gabrieli, this piece was significant because it was the first music where the composer indicated what dynamic they wanted (and when/where), as well as the first time instruments were designated on the score/picked for individual parts.
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The first opera to enter standard repetory.
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This publication was the most influential of the early 18th century because it launched the popularity of the Italian Concerto in Europe.
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Rameau's treatise codified and organized the theoretical ideas of his contemporaries, including ideas such as the importance of the triad and a central tonic key. It built the basis of functional harmony, and is still in use for teaching today.
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This collection was important because it demonstrated the possibilities for playing in every key on an instrument tuned to near equal temperament, which was a new tuning system that had some notes in a scale slightly out of tune to facilitate playing in all keys without needing to retune the instrument.
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Completed in 1741, premiered in 1742, during Lent.
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Called "the black Mozart," Chevalier was an extremely accomplished composer and musician, but struggled to gain recognition because of his race. He became the director of the Concert des Amateurs after having to withdraw his bid to work at the Paris Opera, and built it into one of the finest orchestras in Europe.
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Nicknamed "Surprise!" because of the unexpected dynamics and chords/dissonances, which he used to make the music interesting and attention-grabbing for the listener.
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Schubert's "Erlkönig," or "Elfking," was composed in 1815 but was not publicly published/performed until 1821.
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"The Barber of Seville," an opera buffa by Rossini
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The first complete publication of the 24 Caprices.
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The piece was premiered the same year by what was a huge orchestra for the time.
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Translated to mean "The Year," this is a character piece bout the the 12 months in a year. It was premiered the same year as it was published.
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Souvenir de Porto Rico is a composition for piano by American composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk. It is based on a Puerto Rican folk song often sung by local peasants, and uses melodies and rhythms from the Caribbean and West India, effectively blending different elements of his diverse upbringing.
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A composition for piano (composed in the span of three weeks) honoring Russian artist Viktor Hartmann. The piece was not published 1886.
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An opera by Bizet that broke traditional conventions and was known for it's scandalous scenes.
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A cycle of four music dramas, loosely based on Norse sagas. The series are often performed separately, but Wagner intended for them to be performed together.
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The premiere of the piece was not well-received, and was initially described as a symphonic poem, not a symphony. Mahler revised it 3 times after the premiere before it was officially published in 1898.
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Part of a series of preludes published for the anniversary of Debussy's death, meaning "sails, sailboats, masks, or veils."
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An atonal, expressionistic work that utilizes the German "Sprechstimme" technique, a combination of speaking and singing.
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A ballet that incited a riot at it's premiere over scandalous, inappropriate scenes.
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"Homage," a piece for solo guitar inspired by Debussy.
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A Tin Pan Alley song
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A concert spiritual, based on a poem by Langston Hughes.
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The premiere was a huge success, but was a sarcastic reply to socialist realism.
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A contrafact (a new tune composed over the harmonic progressions of another song, popular to avoid paying royalties), composed to showcase specific members of Ellington's band. This piece helped modernize jazz and improvisation.
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Originally commissioned as a ballet with an American theme
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A cycle of 20 pieces aiming to express the 8 permanent emotions taught in the rasa Indian tradition by using prepared piano and carefully crafted rhythms.
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Compositions by Davis based around modal jazz, widely regarded as the greatest jazz records of all time.
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"Fanfare for Orchestra" recognized for it's use of minimalism.
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A virtuosic song cycle known for its difficult, odd vocal effects and using experimental sounds and instruments.