Music

By Álvarohg
  • 1789 BCE

    Music in the classical period

    We usually us the term classical music to talk about formal music in general,but strictly speaking it only refers to music composed in the classical period.
    -It was balanced clear and bright without excessive ornamentation.
    -It aimed to find a musical language to express formal perfection.
    -It used musical forms with well-defined structures and smooth.
    -It emphasised the melody using short musical phases
    -The use of a simple harmony,with clear breaks that gaves a precise structure
  • 1789 BCE

    Instrumental music

    The clarinet has a single-reed mouthpiece and keys.Depending on its size,a clarinet can sound lower-pitched .
    The Frech horn has a conical mouthpiece and a long tube curled into a circular shape.The tube ends in a conical section that looks like a bell.
    The piano is a keyboard instruments that was invented in about 1700 by Bartolomeo Cristofori of Italy.He named his creation the gravicembalo col piano e forte.
  • 17 BCE

    ZARZUELA

    Spanish composers developed the Zarzuela form that first appeared in the 17th century but produced some of its best-Known works in the 19th thanks to the composers like Ruperto Chapí ,Francisco Asenjo.
  • 16 BCE

    Liturgical Polyphony

    ·Organum:It´s the earliest form.The main voice was a Gregorian melody and a second
    ·Discantus:A new voice was added to the Gregorian melody that moved in contrary motion
    ·Conductus:It a new composition for two to four voices.
  • 16

    Secular vocal Music

    ·It has a monophonic texture,but with instrumental accompaniment.
    ·it uses modal scales and rhythmic modes.
    ·It´s designed for fun or entertaiment
    .It´s written in the local language
    ·It´s performed by male and female voices
    The musicians who played secular music were called minstrels had two fuctions:
    ·Some minstrels were a mixtures of acrobats,mime artists
    ·Court minstrels were part of the court in palaces
  • 19

    First half of the 20th century

    At the end of the 19th century,the Impressionist movement appeared.This art movement started with painting that attempted to capture reality in a subjective
    Musical atmosphere inspired by nature or unusual things
    Scales that evoked oriental music,like the peatonic scale
    Imprecise melodic lines and a free,irregular rhythm
    Timbres of different instruments overlapping each other,forming a sound collage.
  • 19

    Expressionism

    Expresionism started as a movement initially in paiting during the First World War i Germany .The main theme was a people and their inner life from a a pessimistc point of view
    It used a very strong rhythm
    Compositions were designed for small chamber ensembles,in which each instruments had a prominent role.
    In some compositions the melodic line was lost in favour of a type of recitative
    It inclued strong dissonances to create a constant tension
    It used atonality and the twelve tone technique.
  • 20

    20TH-century music in Spain

    At the start of the 20th century the biggest names in Spanish music were composers like Manuel de Falla and Joaquin Turina whose internationally famous works represented Spanish musical nationalism.This is when the generación del 51 appeared with composers like Luis de Pablo and Cristobal Halffter.
  • 20

    20th-century ballet and contemporany dance

    In the first half of the 20th century ballet experienced its most glorious period.One of the most important figure was Sergei Diaghilev,an impresario who surrounded himself with the best artist of the moment.
  • 20

    20th-century

    Numerous conceptions ,all of them revolutionary,appeard about what was or wasn´t music,There had never been so many different musical movements at the same time.
    Pursuing novelty,experimentation and originality
    Searching for a new musical language that broke away from previous concepts
    Exploring different ways of representing music
    Using new computer and instrumental resources
  • 20

    ATONALITY and the twelve-tone technique

    Some Expressionist composers thought that he possibilities offered by tonal music were too limited.
    The Austrian composer Arnold Schonberg didn´t want the freedom of atonality to end in total musical anarchy.For this reason he invented the twelve-tone technique.
  • 20

    NEOCLASSICISM

    Neoclassicism appeared at the same time and was a reaction to the first avant-garde style .It aimed for a return to Classical aesthetics but with armonic dissonances and an irregular rhythm.
  • 20

    MUSIQUE CONCRÉTE, ELECTRONIC MUSIC AND MINIMAL MUSIC

    Composer of musique concrete used sounds from their surroundins and then modified them with the lastest technology.First they recorded the sounds that they found.
    Electronic was produced entirely in a recording studio using only sounds.
    This movement aimed to create simple,direct music with minimal resources It brought back tonality and used simple music structures.
  • 504

    Gregorian chant

    It has a monophonic texture ,without instrumental accompaniment
    it uses modal scales and is in free time
  • 1470

    Renaissance dances

    In the Renaissance ,popular dances became court dances performed in palace halls by the nobility.Members of the court requiered good dance training,because the high class always danced at social events and every dance had its own choreography.
    One of the best combination was the pavane and the galliard,another combination was the branle and the sarabande
  • 1483

    Renaissance music

    in the renaissance,the distinction between religious and secular vocal music continued.
    It was composed for several parts
    It was composed using medieval modal scales
    it had defined and regular rhythm
  • Period: 1483 to 1546

    Religious vocal music

    -motet:it had already existed in the middle Ages
    -Mass It was long composition with liturgical texts
    -chorale it was the most common musical form in the Protestant

  • Baroque music

    -It aimed to arouse emotions and make musical performances spectacular.
    -It used contrasting elements
    -It was based on the diatonics scales that we know ,with yheir scales degrees functions.
    -It had an insistent,mechanical rhythm,with strong,repeated beats
    -The predominant texture was melody-dominated homophony.

  • INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

    Instrumental forms
    -compositions based on vocal music
    -compositions with an improvisational feel
    -variations

  • Religious vocal music

    -The cantata was originally secular but the church used it to spread its teachings .
    -The oratorio was similar to opera but with a religious plot a narrator and a large choir,

  • Instrumental formas

    -The fugue was one of the main baroque forms for Keyboard instruments .
    -The suite evolved from the pairs of dances performed together in the Renaissance.
    -The sonata consisted of four movements alternating between fast and slow tempos.
    -The concerto consisted of three contrtasting movements.The concerto grosso was performed by a group of soloist.

  • Vocal Music

    The opera is a secular vocal form that aimed to revive classical Greek theatre .It first appeared in Italy as a long narrative composition performed ona stage,
    A libretto contains the text of an opera divied into several and with a plot that defines the character of the composition .In the opera serie written in italian and based on mythology or heroic stories.

  • Instrumental music

    Instrumental music became important in the baroque period.this was largely thanks to the techical developments in instruments and the work of a great luthiers such as Antonio Stradivari.

  • INSTRUMENTAL FORMS

    The most important of musical forms in the Classical period was the sonata
    -Number of movement: I,II,III,IV
    -Form:sonata form,theme and variations ,minuet,rondo
    -Structure:ABA.AA1A2A3,ABA,ABACA
    -sonata performed by one or two soloist
    -Trio quartet,quintet composedfor different chamber ensembles.
    -Symphony performed by the orchestra
    -Concerto:performed by a soloist and the orchestra.

  • THE ORCHESTRA

    The classical orchestra adapted to new instrument forms .The harpsichord stopped being used,along with the basso continuo,it incorporated the larinet,the french horn and the piano.

  • COMPOSITIONS FOR PIANO

    The piano was the most important Romantic instrument .Thanks to piano makers like Pleyel or Erard the piano developed technically and achieved a great expressive ability.
    -Short pieces for solo piano.These works were shorter than the sonata ,which was still developing in this period.They were simple and had a free musical structure,ideal for their intimate character
    -Chamber music.The piano was also played in duets ,trios,quartet and quintets with other string and wind instruments.

  • VOCAL MUSIC

    -In Italy Gioachino Rossini represented th transition between Classical and Romantic opera.Gaetano and Vincenzo were the most famous composers of bel canto an expressive and very demanding
    -In France despite the large Italian influence,Paris was also an important opera capital since the Baroque period,some comporsers like Giacommo Meyebeer and Jacques Offenbach composed in the city .
    -In Germany the first Romantic composer was Carl Maria von Weber whose works had plots based on legends fantasy .

  • LIED

    The German word lied means song .The romantic lied is a poem set to simple music,accopained by the piano,which aims to reinforce the contets of the text.It was developed by the German composers Franz Schubert,among others.

  • SYMPHONIC MUSIC

    In the Classical period,big orchestras already existed ,but the symphony orchestra as we know it,with other 80 musicians appeared in the Romantic period.THe wind section grew incorporating instruments that weren´t in common use ,like the bass clarinet the contrabassoon the English Horn the saxophone

    Among the various orchestral forms the symphony and the concerto stood out.
    There was another form that appeared in earlier periods with works like the four seasons by Vivaldi .

  • MUSICAL NATIONALISM

    With the defeat of the Napoleonic and the Restoration a new,map of the Europe,with different borders between contruies was established .
    -Russia:with ILYICH and the five the composers Alexsander Borodin ,Modest,Nikolai
    -Hungary:with composers like Belá who was famous for his numerous trips to different Eastern European countries to collect.
    -Spain:with Felipe whose Writting had a big influence on musical nationalism.After him Isaac,Albéniz,Enrique Granados and Pablo Sarasate .

  • ROMANTIC DANC AND BALLET

    The Internet of Romantic ballet was marked by the first Paris performance of La Sylphide in 1832 ,which brought the white tut and pointe shoes into fashion .Other well-known baleets are Coppélia ,with music by pyotrs Iliyich and choreography by Marius for a Male and a female dancer gave more importance to the corps de ballet and made use of the dancers physcial capabilities,creating more energetic steps for them .Outside of the theatre,court dances were substitude for a ballroom dances