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Socratic method of instruction was in the form of inquiry.
He believed in the principle that knowledge can be brought about by means of skillful questioning. -
Ancestors of Ed Tech;
They firstly used the word "techne"(technology);
They invented and developed the technique of analysis in teaching of rhetoric. -
Precursor of Scholastic Method
Theory: Scholastic education
Method: encourage subject to be examined; encourage students to draw their own conclusion with interpretation.
Influence: the rise of European Universities; laid the groundwork of the system of scientific inquiry and experimentation. -
An intellectual movement in Europe during the 12th and 13th century. It was the method of instruction that ultimately transformed some of the monastic or cathedral schools into universities.
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Theory: a system of universe knowledge; scientific research; access of education; educational system from kindergarten to university
Educational goal: knowledge, morality, piety
Method: Orbus pictus, visual aids
Influence: the first true forerunner of modern educational technology -
Application of the Method of Comenius; it was a thoroughly planned textbook utilizing "visual aid" for children to learn Latin and sciences.
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Psychologizing of Instructional method
Theory: incorporate human natural difference into instruction; learners have individual difference;
Method: sensory instruction; learning from concrete to abstract concepts; threefold instruction
Influence: replace the old recitation method; promote the search for better teaching methods; Pestalozzian schools in America; object-teaching method. -
Theory: moral development as the primary goal of education; systematic psychology of learning and instruction; assimilation; three levels of learning.
Method: four-step intellectual level of learning;
Influence: great impact on European educational practice; influence on American public education; logical and scientific approach to instruction and learning -
Monitorial System of Instruction
Economy of the Lancasterian System: low-cost education, large class size
Method: memorization and drill; grouping according to ability; use of instructional media.
Influence: achieved impressive results; solved educational emergency; the forerunner of modern instructional technology. -
Theory: God creates everything; controlled development of instruction; four basic tenets of his philosophy of education; concept of kindergarten.
Method: socialization as a basic teaching method; use of object for symbolic knowledge.
Influence: establishment of kindergarten -
Achieved impressive growth of students and economy of time.
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Pestalozzi elaborated his concept of the learning sequence in it that his approach was to break down content into its simplest elements and then developed graduated exercises based on the study of objects rather than words.
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This movement was led by Mrs. Carl Schurz (a former student of Froebel) who established the first American kindergarten.
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organizations, journals, and teacher training began focusing on instructional media
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radio broadcasting, sound recording, motion picture
training films and projectors -
Ralph Tyler has often been considered the father of the behavioral objectives movement.
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Instructional Design for developing training materials for the military services, for selecting the individuals who were most likely to benefit from the training program.
They viewed training as a system, and developed a number of innovative analysis, design, and evaluation procedures. -
The importance of preparing objectives for programmed instruction.
write objectives that include a description of desired learner behaviors, the conditions under which the behaviors are to be performed, and the standards by which the behaviors are to be judged. -
FCC set aside 252 channels for educational purposes
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S. Kinner is the one who first stated the Programmed Instruction which is called today formative evaluation.
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The launching of Sputnik stimulated the development of Instructional Design in U.S., and prompted the formative evaluation.
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Robert Glaser first used the concept of criterion-referenced.
A criterion-referenced test is intended to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors. -
5 domains; 9 events of instructions; Hierarchical Analysis
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In 1970s, Instructional Design Models increased tremendously, but in in 19080s, ID development had minimal impact in schools and universities.
During 1980s, cognitive psychology and computer-based instruction had been applied in instructional design. -
By the early 1970s, the terms educational technology and instructional technology began to replace audiovisual instruction to describe the application of media for instructional purposes.
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Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40% of elementary schools and more than 75% of secondary schools in the US.
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Performance Technology movement.
Constructivism (“authentic” learning).
Electrical performance support system.
Rapid Prototyping and using internet for distance learning. -
Schools with internet access increased from 50% to 90%
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[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdxp2Bd4ZSs]
Technology devices my be developing in the following century in a rapid way. From wearable devices to non screen-touched tools, the ways in using technology will be changed. -
In the future, the aim of the Ed.Tech may change. Technology may influence everyone in the society, from schools to industries, from daily life to academic life. People may use technology to facilitate their learning, and even replace some of their necessities nowadays.
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Mobile learning could be a major trend in the future with the development of big data and as the smart phone is getting more intelligent. It has already been developing but I think in the future several years, mobile learning could be more professional and efficient. We may easily connect with learners all around the globe in a mobile class and start a productive discussion.
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Edu-tainment(education and entertainment) maybe the key trend in the future as learning is not just for training, but an exploration filled with fun and sense of rewarding.
