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Environmentalist Approach
Two parallel schools of thought: linguistics (structural school) and psychology (behaviorist school). (Uso Juan: 4) -
Behaviorist View of Language Learning
Behaviorists felt we learn languages best by repetition (imitation, practice, and positive reinforcement). (Shrum: 13) Emphasis was placed on the environment and less on the individual (Uso Juan: 4) -
Innatist Approach
In 1965, Chomsky proposed that we are born with an innate "language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believed that language learning is "hard-wired" into the human brain at birth. This theory focuses on language as not just a series of words in a sentence, but as a complex process. (Shrum: 13; Udo Juan: 6)) -
Communicative Competence
Drawing off Chomsky's work, Hymes first proposed the notion of "communicative competence" in 1972. His work was based on "communication within a socially and culturally meaningful context." (Shrum: 14) -
Interlanguage Theory
Selinker defines the "developing 'language of the learner' as interlanguage ...[which are] are created by second language learners as a result of five cognitive processes." [Shrum:21] -
Conversational Interaction
In 1975 Wagner-Gough and Hatch challenged the idea that conversation interaction served as a reinforcing function in second language acquisition. They proposed that "learners' participation in conversational interaction provided them with opportunities to hear and produce the L2 in ways that went beyond its role as simply a forum for practice." (Gass MacKey:300) -
Krashen's Input Hypothesis
Krashen proposed the somewhat controversial Monitor Model. It consisted of the following components:
1. The acquisition-learning hypothesis
2. The monitor hypothesis
3. The natural order hypothesis
4. The input hypothesis
5. The affective filter hypothesis Krashen's work is appealing to teachers because it stresses that learning should take place in a low-stress environment and that learners should only speak when they are ready to do so. (Shrum: 16) -
Long's Interaction Hypothesis
Long's hypothesis describes how speakers negotiate meaning which has been characterized as "exchanges between learners and their interlocutors as they attempt to resolve communication breakdown and to work toward mutual comprehension. (Shrum 22) -
Output Hypothesis
In 1985, Swain created the Output Hypothesis which maintains that speakers need to be given enough opportunities to produce output and that input is not enough for language development. Swain's work is largely based on observations of immersion students who despite years of input did not show signs of language growth. (Shrum: 22) -
Intercultural Language Use
Based on Hymes' concept of "communicative competence," Canale and Swain created a model to identify the various types of competence in L2 learning. Celce-Murcia improved the model in 2007. (Shrum:15)
