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Centered in southern China. Maintained and justified its rule through
- Imperial Bureaucracy
- Confucianism Mandate of Heaven: only one legit ruler of China at a time (legitimized chinas’s rule)
Tribute states: Japan, Korea, Vietnam Religions: Confucianism(rich) Buddhism (poor) -
The silk roads:
- land based (stretched through China, Europe, North Africa
- Worked best when large empires occupied the space
- mostly luxury goods Indian Ocean: center of world trade
- Monsoon winds Trans Saharan trade routes:
- Each version specialized in various goods– created demand to trade with each other Religion, ideas, diseases spread through trade routes. Inventions:
Caravanserai
Saddle
Compass
Astrolabe -
Mongols Spread Disease, Migration and Technology (SIO, ENV & TEC)
• Bubonic Plague
• Mongols forced skilled people to different places of empire
• Stirrups (allows bow and arrow while on horseback)
• Gunpowder (no firearms yet) & siege towers
• Knowledge of medicine and mathematics -
The internal cause of the fall of the Abbasid Empire was the fragmentation of the empire when regional kingdoms asserted their independence. Later, the Seljuk Turks and the Mongols both attacked Baghdad. Mongols killed the last Abbasid caliph and destroyed the house of wisdom. House of wisdom:
- capital of Abbasid Caliphate
- Leading center of education
- Library, academy and translation center: Greek and roman texts were translated by muslim merchants into Arabic -
In the 1270s Mongols conquered southern China.
Establish Yuan dynasty (khanate) -
First struck in the Mediterranean, then Europe.
Lasted for half a century Consequences:
- European communities may have fallen by a third to a half- political instability —> 100 year war in France
- political instability —> 100 year war in France
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Plague and social unrest left peasants feeling oppressed because of high taxes and middle class resenting mongols for excluding them from positions of power led to a rebel army known as RED TURBAN ARMY: They drove Mongols out of China – the leader of the army declared himself the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty. -
Emperor once a peasant himself knew the power of the peasants so he focused on Building China’s infrastructure to ensure stability and access to food led 5 massive raids into central Asia so pastoralist people wouldn't threaten china again 1430: agriculture issues worsen: population x2 and not enough food 1620: heavy taxing fell on peasants
fighting among china's bureaucrats divided them into factions Protecting china from invasions = expensive 1628: Gov couldn't afford food for peasants -
Johannes Gutenberg Invents the European printing press. Consequences:
Increase in literacy
increased the discussion and development of new ideas -
MID 15th century New boats equiped with cannons invented. Aloud europeans to dominate maritime trading -
was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans use gunpowder technology to break through the walls of Constantinople which were thought to be impregnable. It was then renamed to Istanbul -
Dias was Portuguese navigator and explorer who led the first European expedition to round the Cape of Good Hope Opened the sea route to Asia via the Atlantic and Indian oceans Portugese began building outposts on african coast and around Indian ocean network -
Connected almost all the world with new networks of trade and exchange.
Consequences:
- Disease
- new crops (potato in Europe)
- patters of production and distribution shifted -
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a religious reform movement in Europe. Led by martin Luther resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine -
Enslaved africans -> Americas Raw materials -> Europe Manufactured goods -> Africa -
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Emperor Charles V passed the Edict of Worms, which banned Luther's writings and declared him a heretic and an enemy of the state -
Babur invalided northern India Relied on infantry based armies and war elephants
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Resulted in the viceroyalty of Peru with a capital at Lima
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solidify doctrine that many Protestants were opposed to:
- authority of the pope
- veneration of saints eliminated many of the abuses and problems that had initially inspired the Reformation:
- sale of indulgences
- the remission of sin. -
The oprichnina was a state policy implemented by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Russia between 1565 and 1572. The policy included mass repression of the boyars, including public executions and confiscation of their land and property. reduced the boyars' political power, disrupted the Russian economy, and contributed to the centralization of the Muscovite state
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VOC (dutch east India company) formed
BEIC (British east India company) formed companies shared risk and shared reward. -
An economic system of trade that spanned the 16th century to the 18th century. Mercantilism was based on the principle that the world's wealth was static, and consequently, governments had to regulate trade to build their wealth and national power. Many European nations attempted to accumulate the largest possible share of that wealth by maximizing their exports and limiting their imports via tariffs.
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Tokugawa family ruled over Japan for over 200 years, controlling the daimyo (and their samurai), implemented the Act of Seclusion(1636)to isolate from the west (violent and deadly suppression of foreigners and their religions)
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Fighting revolved around religious freedom and conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism. Conflict began when Ferdinand the II attempted to impose catholic absolutism throughout his domain in Bohemia
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built the palace in order to centralize his power and keep an eye on the nobles -
built by Emperor Shah Jahan (Mughal Empire) Its sheer size, intricate designs, and the use of expensive materials like marble and precious stones were a clear display of the empire's wealth. -
The Tokugawa government launched a campaign to get rid of Christianity in Japan and closed the country to almost all foreigners, a policy that would continue for over 200 years. -
Manchus brought an army into china and took power as the Qing dynasty
The qing empire decreased the size of its army to keep costs low and prevent any tax raises
The court balanced sense of tradition with innovation They were a multi ethnic state–tried to keep state together by giving prosperity and demanding obedience
They promoted confusian ideals while also sponsoring muslim, buddhist, and other religious practices By the 1750s the state was peaceful and prosperous -
Established religious freedoms and guaranteed the sovereignty of European states
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An intellectual movement (soon turned political) in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science. Inspired by: Scientific revolution, 'Glorious Revolution', The Renaissance ( Renaissance influential in inspiring Enlightenment because its emphasis on humanism focused on how humans were in the real world rather than the religious world) Caused: Laissez fair, abolitionist movements, equal rights movements.
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the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III stemmed from religious and political conflicts. King James II (Catholic)> tolerated, thinking the throne would eventually pass to Mary(Protestant). view changed with the birth of James’s son(June 1688), as the king now had a Catholic heir. established Parliament as the ruling power of England—(later)the United Kingdom—representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
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John Locke refuted the theory of the divine right of kings and argued that all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary. This is the thesis of what is now called social contract theory. Life, liberty, prosperity -
The English Bill of Rights was an act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King James II. The bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy. The adoption of the exclusionist solution lent support to John Locke’s contention that government was in the nature of a social contract between the king and his people represented in Parliament. -
"why Britain and not China"
- Britain had motivation&reason (abundance of coal), efficiency, capitalism, government support, and a strong navy to protect ships, cheap cannon production + profit from the slave trade to invest
- China's coal was in a bad location(limited accessibility) large pop for human labor instead of machines, confucian ideals discouraging change, no desire to expand other priorities. -
The immediate cause was the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, which led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire.
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Thomas Newcomen invented he first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine. It was originally coal powered steam engine capable of pumping water from the mines. It would later be improved and used to power trains, ships, and other things. Others who helped invent: James Watt -
1723: Slavery is abolished in Russia; Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs
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This discovery dramatically increased the amount of energy that humans could produce. (In 1500CE, a single shirt around 500hrs of human labor to produce) steam engines automated time consuming aspects of weaving, sewing, and yard spinning. This meant that more shirts and other goods were available to more people at a lower price. -
This system tended to concentrate the wealth in hands of business owners and investors. Capitalism helped increase overal productivity in the world but also made working conditions harder for many people. In response many pushed for reforms: end to child labor, better working conditions, end savory, called for woman’s rights. — one reform proposed socialism (place more power in hands of workers and more equally distributed wealth) as an alternate economic system -
Changed the way humans produced and distribute goods, and transformed human networks. Steam powered trains and ships lead to widespread migrations, and telegraphs lead to increase quick communication. The expanded capacity to harness and utilize the Earth’s recourses led to better lives for many. But it led to the pollution of air and water and decreased global biodiversity.
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What started as a land dispute between the colonists and Indians over the land west of the Appalachian Mountains escalated to a full war between the French and the Indians and the colonists and British. The colonists and British eventually won the war, signified by the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
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government was created through the consent of the people to be ruled by the majority Book written by Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. UPDATE DATE (DO MORE RESEARCH)
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Watt's steam engine opened up an entirely new field of application: it enabled the steam engine to be used to operate rotary machines in factories such as cotton mills. and Transportation (railroad and steamships)
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Smith presented his vision for a functioning global economy: depended on ideas of free trade and laissez-fair (“Let it happen”) — less government involvement, abolishment of “prejudices” and confining institutions. Became the intellectual foundation for the expansion of modern capitalism as a system of production and distribution. -
Declared the sovereignty of the American states and listed the natural rights of man kind.
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Went from being weavers to cash crop farming. BEIC increased encroachment with private militarys, political representation, control of native armies (sepoy), Direct tax collection, and the creation of large plantations. British shifted focus on India replacing rice fields with cotton fields --> famines kill 30M due to increased food prices
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The treaty that ended the French & Indian War. The treaty resulted in the French being kicked out of America and the British controlled from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River. The cost of war and pressure from their European rivals was too much for the English so they finally recognized the independence of the 13 North American colonies witten in 1763 or 1783??? -
Clergy Blocked Louis XVI attempt to raise taxes. Estates met. France was on the brink of bankruptcy due to its involvement in the American Revolution. 3rd estate (98% of population) paid all taxes without ay voice in the government. --> unequal voting system --> 3rd estate forms national assembly, fighting back until France abolishes nobility. France made a constitution and became a representative democracy.
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“The mothers, daughters, and sisters who represent the nation demand to form a National Assembly” Olympe de Gouges contributions to feminism:
- wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women, in which she stated: "A woman has the right to be guillotined; she should also have the right to debate."- campaigned for the right for women to divorce and obtained it.
- She campaigned in favor of a system of civil partnerships that would replace religious marriage
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Overthrow of the French regime in Haiti by the Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved by the French and the establishment of an independent country founded and governed by former slaves. -- Social revolution for human rights inspired by the French Revolution.
-- first successful revolution lead by slaves.
Results:
-- first black gov. Leader: Toussant Louverture -
Mary Wollstonecraft writes a groundbreaking call for universal education. -
'New Woman' - Sought greater access to higher education, rights in the workplace, voting booth. revolution-indapencence viewed as being achieved through class struggle and overthrow of imperial powers. As a result of more woman entering the labor force with workers uniting for independence, industrialization and independence movements helped change gender norms. NOT 100% SURE ON THE DATE -
They resented the peninsulares' power; Creoles wanted higher social status, more political and economic control. They were inspired by the Enlightenment, and the American Revolution, and they felt no loyalty to the King of Spain. OR Creoles reacted angrily against the crown's preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of the caste system and the Creoles' privileged status within it. -
Simon Bolivar:
- democrat and he believed that government should be responsible to the people: 'only the majority is sovereign; he who takes the place of the people is a tyrant and his power is usurpation'.
- Wanted a unified Latin America (modeled after U.S.)
- (1783–1830) led the successful effort to make South America independent from Spain He successfully fights Spanish forces and creates "Gran Columbia" (1819-1830) modeled after U.S. (got support for Haiti) -
Last attempt at industrialization by the ottomans. The reforms included the development of a new secular school system, the reorganization of the army based on the Prussian conscript system, the creation of provincial representative assemblies, and the introduction of new codes of commercial and criminal law, which were largely modeled after those of France.
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Treaty of Nanjing - first of the unequal treaty
up to 10% of Chinas population was using opium
liu : destroyed 20,000 opium boxes -
5 New ports opened, Chinese pay war reparations, Extraterritoriality for British Citizens, seizure of Hong Kong, and Spheres of Influence created by British, US, France, Germany, Portugal, Japan and Russia. -
3 wars united german people in spirit against enemy
1891 united as a nation -
Contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class for economic rights, the upsurge of nationalism, and potato crops/food shortages A series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date. -
"Proletariat" is the term for people who can make money through labor" - Karl Marx. People began to identify with the term. More time working indoors in factories--> more talking --> unions forming -->unified demand --> harder to ignore.
reformers wanted: better pay, safer conditions, humane treatment revolutionists wanted: end to capitalism and replace it. difficult for unions to organize with other workers bc communication barriers (geographical, political, economic, social) -
An appeal to suffering peasants and in response to opium trade, civil war eventually weakened the dynasty leaving china vulnerable to further European control The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing the city of Nanjing for a decade. The Taiping Rebellion eventually failed, however, and led to the deaths of more than 20 million people
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A rumor(?) that Rifle cartridges a mix of pig/cow lard upset all soldiers (insult to Muslim/Hindus). Soldiers felt undermined by the British and revolted. The Sepoy were quickly shut down, and the East India Company was abolished in favor of the direct rule of India by the British government. https://www.britannica.com/event/Indian-Mutiny -
After the fall of Rome Italy was divided and ruled by many independent states. Italy became a unified country in 1861. after Sardinia-Piedmont and France defeated Austria in the Second War of Italian Independence. -
The Meiji Restoration was a coup d'état resulting in the dissolution of Japan's feudal system of government. In its place, the imperial system was restored, as many members of the ruling samurai class wanted to unite the country under a new, centralized government. It brought many western model to change whilst keeping tradition. https://merchantsandmechanics.com/2017/12/05/the-transformation-of-japan-after-the-meiji-restoration/ -
traditional warriors, farmers and pastoralists and women defeated a well-armed Italian army in the northern town of Adwa in Ethiopia. The outcome of this battle ensured Ethiopia’s independence, making it the only African country never to be colonised. Adwa turned Ethiopia into a symbol of freedom for black people globally. It also led to a change of government in Italy. One key leader: Etege Tayitu Bitul, wife of Emperor Menelik.
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The Scramble for Africa was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during an era known as "New Imperialism" Involved: Britan France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain causes:
European competition: need territory for resources (to develop more products)
Ethnocentrism (racial superiority)
Spread of Christianity
New innovations: Steam engine-->steam boat, steam train, railroad construction, maxim gun -
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a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan. The rapid expansion of colonization
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Global legislation that restricted/prevented immigrants from entering the Americas
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First fully automatic machine gun, developed by engineer and inventor Hiram Maxim. Impact on the scramble for Africa: Europeans used it to steal and occupy African land and subjugate Africans on the continent. The Africans armed with spears and a few rifles were no match for these machine guns. -
Called by: German Otto Van Bismark
Means of reducing tensions with other major European powers in Africa met to discuss the partitioning of Africa, establishing rules to amicably divide resources among the Western countries at the expense of the African people. -
Belgian King Leopold II established the Congo Free State by brutally seizing the African landmass as his personal possession. -
Any country could access china ports. Any country could access any port for free. This was established because The united states didn't want any other country colonizing china. China was separated into different spheres for different external powers. Any power could go in for free with its sphere. A power with no sphere had to pay taxes on harbor or railroad access term: a territory or region where an external group or institution holds power or authority in a foreign territory. -
Kinjikitile"Bokero"Ngwale, a Tanzanian medium and a leader of the Maji Maji Rebellion against colonial rule in German East Africa began creating a potion, which he and other spiritual leaders claimed would protect them from German bullets, turning the bullets into water upon contact. This empowered them, drawing them out to join by the thousands covered in this water, which in some parts of the region was called”Allah water”due to an interesting creolization of Islamic and indigenous traditions.
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most significant uprising mounted by Tanzanians against the German colonial rule. It was also one of the most catastrophic events in the colonial history of Africa. Between 100,000 and 300,000 people of southern Tanzania died from the war and its aftermath. -
Ended China’s last imperial Dynasty. Lead to the establish of the Republic of China. After the death of empress CiXi, Emperor Puyi (three years old) accessed to power but was too incompetent to lead the nation. The unsuccessful contests with foreign powers had shaken not only the dynasty but the entire machinery of government, leading to this revolution. -
caused by nationalism and a trust in the alliance system. plotters hoped that by killing Ferdinand, they would provoke the Austro-Hungarian Empire to declare war on Serbia and they could fight for their independence.
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Main Causes:
-Militarism
-International alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism Alliances
Triple Entente: Russia, France, Great Britain
Triple Alliance (central powers): Austro-Hungary, Germany, Italy, Ottoman Empire (later) How it was fought:
- propoganda
- Trench Warfare
- recruited soldiers from their colonies
- Tech: machine guns, chemical gas, tanks -
As young Turks tried to revision their state primarily Turkik in 1915-1916 and the Armenian Christians were suspicious of this, (which made the Turks think that the Armenians may join together with enemy forces to support invasion) the Ottoman authorities began mass extermination of the Armenians with the slaughter of Armenians and the forced relocation with 600,000-1M Armenians killed.
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Overthrew Imperial Gov. causes:
Low working wages
Lack of food
people treated poorly
the Great War workers went on strike, tsar abdicated leaving the provisional government in control of the country -
provisional gov unpopular with Russians: leader Alexander Kerensky was unwilling to end the war upsetting groups in Russia who were against the war Bolsheviks (communists/reds) formed, --> seized power by
- occupied railway stations, telephone exchange and state bank
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coded telegram from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German minister in Mexico. The note revealed a plan to renew unrestricted submarine warfare and to form an alliance with Mexico and Japan if the United States declared war on Germany. Promised to help Mexico recover territory lost in the Mexican War of 1846-1848. The message was intercepted by the British and passed on to the United States; its publication caused outrage and contributed to the U.S. entry into World War I. -
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The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties on the Germans, including loss of territory, massive reparations payments and demilitarization. the Treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany while failing to resolve the underlying issues that had led to war in the first place. Economic distress and seething resentment of the treaty within Germany helped fuel the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party, as well as World War II. -
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aimed to multiply soviet industrial capacity by five. This meant he needed a strongly armed state, and the collectivization of agriculture, where privately owned farms turned into large ones owned by the state. Ppl who resisted (Kulaks) --> sent to hard labor camps or executed, Eventually, millions were reduced to extreme poverty, starved to death, and famines spread across the Soviet Union. System=no supply/demand=more recourses to reach quota =1991 Soviet Union bankrupt -
Franklin D. Roosovelt quickly instituted the ‘new deal’**, which was aimed to solve the economic hardships during the Great Depression. new deal: Focused on Relief, Recovery, and Reform Relief: New Deal programs that provided direct and indirect aid to individuals and families
Recovery: New Deal programs designed to speed economic recovery
Reform: measures designed to regulate operation of banks and the stock market to prevent another crash -
Gandhi decided to mount a highly visible demonstration against the increasingly repressive salt tax by marching through what is now the western Indian state of Gujarat from his ashram (religious retreat) at Sabermati (near Ahmadabad) to the town of Dandi (near Surat) on the Arabian Sea coast. marched to get their own salt as protest against repressive salt tax -
axis powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan vs.
allied powers: Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States ideologies: facism, communism, democracy how war was fought:
- propoganda
- areal warfair
- firebombing
- atomic bombs Repression of basic freedoms of varying degrees - America: Japanese Americans forced into internment camps. Germany: Jews forced into ghettos because of the nuremberg laws and then into concentration camps forced into hard labor or systematically killed -
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A state of hostility that exists between two states chiefly characterized by an ideological struggle rather than open warfare. Causes:
Conflicting Ideologies
Mutual Mistrust Proxy wars:
Korea
Vietnam -
1960- police open fire peaceful protestors in township of Sharpeville 1976- Soweto students protest new educaitional restrictions. created inspirational figures such as Stephen Biko Nelson Mandela very inspirational to the anti apartheid movement 1970-1980: South African Teams banned from olympics, FIFA World Cup, and Rugby World Cup.
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1901-1951 - Iran's oil wealth was controlled by the Angelo-Iranian Oil Company (BRITISH control) Iran's Prime minister, Mohammad, Mossadegh nationalized control of Iran's oil misconception that Mossadegh was a communist lead to: US set a navy blockade, preventing Iran from selling its oil CIA coup removed him from power and reinstalled a shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. He ran a repressive dictatorship until 1979 when he was overthrown in a revolution. replaced w/ revolutionary gov. -
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Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the canal and nationalized it --placing its profits under Egyptian control. In Responce: Britain, France, and Israel invaded.
this continued escalating until the US and USSR intervened -
The 1956 Suez Crisis, when Britain along with France and Israel invaded Egypt to recover control of the Suez Canal outcome highlighted Britain's declining status and confirmed it as a 'second tier' world power.
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An economic plan to rapidly industrialize Chinas through the development of heavy industry Contrast: five year plans aimed to industrialize by focusing mainly on urban areas whilst Mao focused on rural areas. goods in the rural areas were poor quality 20-50mill ppl starved due to bad harvest.(worse than the famines in USSR) Mainly bc Mao: reused foreign aid bc wanted to prove his brand of communism was better and continued to export the grain that could save people’s lives. -
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CIA operation to overthrow Fidel Castro by landing 1200 disgruntled Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs. Goal: overthrow of Castro and establish a non-communist government friendly to the United States. Fails miserably and is a huge embarrassment for Kennedy, who then vows to bring down Castro. Forces Cuba ever further into the arms of the USSR. -
closest to nuclear conflict USSR Identified Cuba as an ideal location to launch missals at the US. - US had also sent missiles to Turky for the same reason Fearing that the U.S. would attempt another invasion, Castro quickly complied with a Soviet request to be allowed to construct nuclear missile sites in Cuba. new military construction and the presence of Soviet technicians had been reported by US spy planes. - Kennedy quarantined Cuba until crisis averted. nuclear non-proliferation treaty -
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brought new ideas of freedom, independence, and community. new idea called: Satyagaraha
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Pol Pot takes over Cambodia, trying to erase western influence, by emptying the cities and forcing people to work in labor camps, and targeting the educated population with extermination
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The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for the reunification of Germany. The wall had been a physical manifestation of the division between East and West Germany. Berlin Wall symbolized the Iron Curtain (the ideological split between the east and west). The fall of the wall demonstrated the lessoning control of the Communists. -
The protesters, based in Tiananmen Square in central Beijing, were peacefully calling for political and economic reform. In response, the Chinese authorities responded with overwhelming force to repress the demonstrations. Military units were brought in and unarmed protesters and onlookers were killed en masse -