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The Age of Reason and Science
(1600 - 1800) (18th century)
Intellectual movemeintellectual movement in 18th-century Europe to established a knowledge based on an "enlightened" rationality. nt in 18th-century Europe to establis a knowledge based on an "enlightened" rationality. -
Established foundations for the thought of enlightenment. It tried to build the sciences on metaphysics where it was not successful.
His skepticism was refined by Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). His dualism was challenged by Spinoza's intransigent affirmation:
his Tractatus (1670)
Ethics (1677). -
the great national and international markets are created. International trade is liberalized as England, European countries with Spanish America. The ecclesiastical, seigniorial and communal lands are confiscated in order to market new lands and create a new concept of property.
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an attempt was made to reconcile rationalism and religious beliefs, individual freedom and political authority.
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Technological Innovations
(1750 - 1900)
marked by social and technological change in which manufacturing began to rely on steam power, fueled primarily by coal, rather than on animal labor, or on water or wind power. -
(1751)
Published between 1751 and 1772 compiled by Diderot, d'Alembert (until 1759), 150 scientists and philosophers participated, this act spread more the illustration in Europe -
This invention began to be used throughout Lancashire in the 1760, when Robert Kay, son of John Kay, invented the rising box, the roller spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, which achieved a more uniform thickness in the process of making the wool
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(1776).
The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution.Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence -
Hume and other thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment developed a "science of man".
The philosophical concepts of Hume that directly influenced James Madison and popularized Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.
In 1776, Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, often considered the first work on modern economics, as it had an immediate impact on British economic policy that continues into the 21st century. -
including the discovery of carbon dioxide by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument by the geologist James Hutton. Lavoisier's experiments were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers allowed them to launch the first manned balloon flight on November 21, 1783 from the Château de la Muette
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The Enlightenment has been linked to the French Revolution of 1789.
The changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the philosophy of "consent of the governed" was delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689). -
From 1800, wealth and income per capita multiplied, this is a macroeconomic indicator of productivity and economic development, the economic and social conditions of the country are analyzed
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The Turbinia, the first boat powered by steam turbines
Before the nineteenth century the long European naval tradition used the winds as a means of propulsion and safety rather than speed in the sea. In 1815 already circulated a hundred of these ships of wheels that obtained their energy from firewood, cheap material and abundant. in 1838, with a combination of steam and sails, the ships Sirius and Great Western crossed the Atlantic between Liverpool and New York in 16 and 13 days respectively. -
With the industrial revolution the population increased, due to the fact that hygienic, sanitary and nutritional conditions were improved, vaccines are implemented, reduction of infant death The population of England and Wales, in 1850 and in 1901 had almost doubled the population again with 30.5 million.
In Europe, the population went from 100 million in 1700 to reach 400 million in 1900 -
He is one of the great protagonists of the Industrial Revolution. He stopped using animals as a means of transport. The great railroad revolution began in 1814, when George Stephenson used the steam engine as a means of locomotion. In the 5 years that followed, the Parliament authorized the construction of 23 new railway lines, among which was the famous line between Manchester and Liverpool,
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It happens by this factors: the crash of global stock markets, the collapse of American banks, and the emergence of new and extensive tariffs.
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Occurs the -18.2% decline in GDP, and the 19% peak unemployment rate.
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The Liberal politician William Beveridge proposed setting up a welfare state with social security, a national health service, free education, council housing and full employment.
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Rab Butler introduced free secondary schools.
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Caused by the transition from a battle period economy to a peacetime economy.
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Laws of:
-Family Allowances.
-National Insurance.
-National Assistance. -
1.25 million council houses were built.
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Health staff were available, free to everybody.
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Caused by the tightened monetary policy of 1955 and its subsequent easing in 1957.
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Considered as a mild recession, only a minimal -0.6% decline in GDP.
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-She was elected Leader of the Conservative Party.
-She gave her name to an ideology: Thatcherism.
-She was often accused of representing and fighting for outdated middle class values. -
Eliminated the high inflation and the power of the trade unions.
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The cause of this recession is mainly the 1979 energy crisis, which forced a sharp hike in oil prices because of the new regime in Iran.
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This period is marked by the economic program of Thatcherism, privatization, the sale of council houses and the deregulation of the city.
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She faced two challenge: the Falklands and the miners’ strike.
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-Interest rates were lowered.
-In late 1988, property prices started falling. -
Crude oil prices had risen to well over $20 a barrel, the oil spike of 1990 further eroded consumer confidence.
