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Is the oldest complete musical composition currently preserved. Is part of a Greek inscription written on a marble column placed over the tomb that Sícilo had built for his wife Euterpe -
The Fall of Rome occurs, ending the Ancient Ages and beginning the Middle Ages. -
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Is a plain, simple and monodic type of chant -
Ludovico Pio, son of Charlemagne, was declared successor, and ruled as emperor of the Romans.
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Otto I of Germany was the successor to Henry the Fowler, the Duke of Saxony, who became the first Saxon emperor. Like his father, Otto I managed to protect the Germans from the Magyar invaders. He was made king in Aachen, at the palace of Charlemagne, and wanted to restore the Carolingian Empire. -
Guido d'Arezzo was an Italian Benedictine monk and music theorist who is one of the central figures of medieval music along with Hucbaldo -
On 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, defeated the last Anglo-Saxon king, Harold II. Thus he established the Norman Empire, and to protect it he rewarded all his supporters who fought for him in the war with large portions of land in England. -
Hildegard of Bingen was a German Benedictine and polymath abbess, active as composer, writer, philosopher, scientist, naturalist, physician, mystic, monastic leader and prophetess during the middle ages. -
Léonin or Magister Leoninus (fl. 1150-1201) is, together with Perotín, the first known composer of polyphonic organum, related to the Notre Dame School.
An anonymous English monk, now known by the name of Anonymous IV, wrote a century after his death that Léonin was the best organum composer for the expansion of divine service. This is the only written reference to Léonin. -
was a French medieval composer, born in Paris between 1155 and 1160 and died around 1230. Considered the most important composer of the Notre Dame School in Paris, where the polyphonic style began to take shape.
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It is the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages -
Bernart de Ventadorn, also known as Bernart de Ventadour and Bernard de Ventadorn, was a popular troubadour, composer and Provencal poet. He is probably the best known troubadour of the style called trobar leu. -
The Magna Carta Libertatum, or Great Charter of Liberties of England, was originally issued in 1215. This letter is considered the first step towards constitutional government in England. The Magna Carta restricted the king’s power and showed the importance of a constitution. -
Alfonso X of Castilla, called el Sabio, was the king of the Crown of Castile and the other kingdoms entitled between 1252 and 1284. -
Designates the musical production, both French and Italian, after the last works of the ars antiqua until the predominance of the school of Burgundy. -
The whole of northern Europe suffered from the Great Famine, which began in 1315 and lasted for two years until 1317. During this period, a large part of the population died from hunger and disease.
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Francesco Landini was an Italian composer, organist, singer, poet, constructor of instruments and astrologer. It was one of the most famous and admired composers of the second half of the 14th century and undoubtedly the most famous composer in Italy. -
The Hundred Years' War began in 1337, between the kingdoms of England and France to solve the feudal problem of large English lands in France.
There were many periods of peace and ceasefire between England and France during the period, this war continued until 1453, with the defeat of England and the departure of English troops from France except for Calais. -
The Black Death is the most devastating epidemic in history, and it significantly weakened the feudal system and the Church in Europe. Millions of people died prematurely from this plague and the economic and political power of the kingdoms of Europe was significantly reduced.
It emerged in Asia and spread rapidly along trade routes. There was a major political, social and health crisis. -
Guillaume de Machaut, was a French cleric, poet and medieval composer. His projection was enormous and he is historically the greatest representative of the movement known as Ars nova, being considered the most famous composer of the fourteenth century. -
The Church first suffered a shock in 1054, when it split into the Eastern and Western Christian Churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church believed that the Western Church was corrupt and exploitative.
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He was a Florentine polymath of the Italian Renaissance. He was a painter, anatomist, architect, paleontologist, botanist, writer, sculptor, philosopher, engineer, inventor, musician, poet and urban planner. -
Was a German goldsmith, inventor of the modern printing press with movable types, around 1450. -
He was a poet, musician and theatrical author of the Spanish Renaissance in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. Together with Juan de Anchieta, Juan de Urreda, Joan Cornago, Francisco de Peñalosa as one of the greatest exponents of religious and profane polyphony in Spain from the late fifteenth century and early sixteenth, during the reign of the Catholic kings. -
He was a theologian, philosopher and Augustinian Catholic friar who initiated and promoted the Protestant Reformation in Germany and whose teachings inspired the theological and cultural doctrine called Lutheranism. -
The large cultural movement in Western Europe
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He was a Spanish Catholic priest and chapel master being the main representative of the Andalusian polyphonic school and one of the three great, together with Tomás Luis de Victoria and Francisco Guerrero, of the Spanish polyphonic composition of the Renaissance. -
He was a Spanish Renaissance organist, harpist and composer. -
He was an Italian renaissance composer of sacred music and the best known representative of the 16th century Roman school of musical composition. -
He was a French-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. Along with Palestrina and Victoria, he is considered one of the most influential composers of the 16th century. -
He was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. -
He was a Cretan painter of the late Renaissance who developed a very personal style in his mature works. -
She was an Italian composer, lute performer and singer of the late Renaissance. She was the first female composer to have an entire volume of her music printed and published in the history of Western music. -
He was a Spanish novelist, poet, playwright and soldier. He is widely considered one of the greatest figures in Spanish literature. He was the author of Quijote, a novel that became world-famous and which many critics have described as the first modern novel, as well as one of the best works of universal literature, whose number of editions and translations is only surpassed by the Bible. -
He was a Catholic priest, maestro de capilla and celebrated polyphonic composer of the Spanish Renaissance. He has been considered one of the most relevant and advanced composers of his time, with an innovative style that announced the imminent baroque. -
He was an Italian composer and organist, born and died in Venice. One of the most influential musicians of his time, represents the culmination of the Venetian school, framing the transition from Renaissance music to Baroque music. -
He was an Italian composer, one of the most significant figures in late Renaissance music with intensely expressive madrigals and pieces of sacred music with a chromatism that will not be heard again until the end of the 19th century. The best known event of his life was the murder of his first wife and lover when he found them "in flagrante delicto". -
He was an Italian composer, violinist, singer, choir director and priest. He composed both secular and sacred music and marked the transition between the polyphonic and madrigalist tradition of the 16th century and the birth of lyric drama and opera in the 17th century. He is a crucial figure in the transition between Renaissance and Baroque music. -
The Baroque is an artistic style that developed between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It emerged in Italy and spread through Europe and Latin America. Baroque architecture was characterized by showing the luxury of the Catholic church and the bourgeois of the Protestant countries.
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The Protestant Reformation or "Reformation", which began in the 16th century, was a movement of transformation of Christianity from the late Middle Ages to the early 17th century, aimed at returning to the sources and first form of Christianity. It was represented by actors of various kinds: theologians, preachers, kings, princes, bourgeois, peasants, intellectuals.
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He was one of the most eminent Italian composers of the early Baroque and one of the principal representatives of the Roman School. -
She was an Italian singer and composer of the Baroque. During his lifetime, he published eight volumes of his own music and had more immaterial music printed than any other composer of the time. This was achieved without any support from the Catholic Church and without the constant patronage of the nobility. -
Antonio Stradivari was the most prominent Italian luthier. The Latin form of his surname, Stradivarius, is used to refer to his instruments. -
He was an English composer of the Baroque. Considered one of the best English composers of all time, he incorporated French and Italian stylistic elements into his music, generating an English style of baroque music. -
He was a Venetian Baroque composer, violinist, businessman, teacher and Catholic priest. He was nicknamed Il prete rosso («The red priest») for being a priest and redhead. -
He was a German baroque composer, although his work also had characteristics of the early classicism. He is considered the most prolific composer in the history of music. -
He was a German composer, later naturalized English, considered one of the top figures in music history, especially the Baroque, and one of the most influential composers of western and universal music. -
He was a German composer, musician, conductor, choirmaster, singer and teacher of the Baroque period. -
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Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia Mozart, also known as Nannerl1 and Marianne, was a famous musician of the eighteenth century. She was the older sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the daughter of Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart. -
He was an Austrian composer. He is one of the greatest representatives of the Classical period, in addition to being known as the "father of the symphony" and the "father of the string quartet" thanks to his important contributions to both genres. He also contributed to the instrumental development of the piano trio and the evolution of the sonata form.2 -
He was a German composer, pianist, conductor and teacher,1 of the former Archbishopric of Salzburg . Master of classicism, he is considered one of the most influential and outstanding musicians in history. Mozart's work covers all the musical genres of his time and includes more than six hundred creations, most of them recognized as masterpieces of symphonic, concertante, chamber, fortepiano, operatic and choral music, achieving international popularity and diffusion. -
She was an Austrian pianist and composer. She caused great interest in renowned composers of his time, including Mozart and Haydn. Currently he is an important reference in the history of classical music for his musical execution and interpretation, sources such as the "Journal de Paris" referred to his playing, interpretation and vivacity as unique. -
was a German composer, conductor, pianist and piano teacher. His musical legacy spans, chronologically, from Classicism to the beginnings of Romanticism. He is considered one of the most important composers in the history of music and his legacy has decisively influenced the subsequent evolution of this art. Being the last great representative of Viennese classicism, Beethoven managed to transcend the music of Romanticism, influencing a diversity of musical works of the 19th century. -
He was a German composer, from the Bohemian region, Czech Republic. He is considered one of the most important opera composers of Classicism in the second half of the 18th century. He completely reformed the opera by eliminating the da capo arias, suppressing the extensive dry harpsichord recitatives and replacing them with recitatives accompanied by the orchestra, dispensing with the castrati and giving greater relevance to the plot of the works. -
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He was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some pieces of chamber and piano music and some sacred music. He set new standards for both comic and serious opera before retiring from large-scale composition while still in his thirties, at the height of his popularity. -
He was an Austrian composer of the early musical Romanticism and, at the same time, a continuation of the classical sonata following the model of Ludwig van Beethoven. Despite his short life, he left a great legacy, including more than six hundred secular vocal works, seven complete symphonies, sacred music, operas, incidental music, and a large number of works for piano and chamber music. Among his major works are the Quintet The Trout, the Unfinished or Unfinished Symphony. -
Louis Hector Berlioz was a French composer and leading figure of Romanticism. His best-known work is the Symphonie fantastique, premiered in 1830. -
He was a German composer, conductor and pianist of Romantic music, and brother of the pianist and composer Fanny Mendelssohn. -
Frédéric François Chopina was a Franco-Polish teacher, composer and virtuoso pianist, considered one of the most important in history and one of the greatest representatives of musical romanticism, who wrote mainly for solo piano. He has maintained a worldwide reputation as one of the leading musicians of his time, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique unmatched in his generation". -
He was a German composer, pianist and music critic of the nineteenth century, considered one of the most important and representative composers of musical Romanticism. -
He was a German composer, conductor, poet, essayist, playwright and music theorist of the Romantic period. His operas (described as "musical dramas" by the composer himself) stand out in which, unlike other composers, he also took on the libretto and set design. -
He was an Italian romantic composer of opera, one of the most important of all time. His work serves as a bridge between the bel canto of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti, and the current of verismo and Puccini -
She was a German pianist, composer and piano teacher. She was one of the great European concert artists of the nineteenth century and her career was key in the dissemination of the compositions of her husband, Robert Schumann. Regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era, she exerted her influence on a 61-year concert career, and changed the format and repertoire of the piano recital from exhibitions from virtuosity to serious works programs. -
was a composer born in Bohemia, a region that during the musician's lifetime was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He pioneered the development of a musical style that became intimately linked to Czech nationalism. For this reason, he is recognized in his country as the father of Czech music. He is internationally known for his opera The Bartered Bride and for the cycle of symphonic poems Má vlast (My Homeland) that represent the history, legends and landscapes of the composer's homeland. -
Johannes Brahms (7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer, pianist and conductor of the Romantic period. Born into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. -
He was a Russian composer, a member of the group "The Five". His works include the opera Boris Godunov (1872), the symphonic poem A Night on Bald Mountain (1867) and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition (1874). -
He was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He is the author of some of the most famous classical music works in the current repertoire, such as the ballets Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, the overture-fantasy Romeo and Juliet, the First Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, his Fourth, Fifth and Sixth symphonies and the operas Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades. -
was a post-Romantic composer born in Bohemia —territory then belonging to the Austrian Empire—, one of the first Czech composers to achieve worldwide recognition and one of the great composers of the second half of the nineteenth century. He frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia, following the example of his predecessor, the Romantic-era nationalist Bedřich Smetana. -
He was a Norwegian composer and pianist, considered one of the main representatives of late Romanticism. He adapted many themes and songs from the folklore of his country, thus contributing to the creation of a Norwegian national identity, just as Jean Sibelius did in Finland or Antonín Dvořák in Bohemia. -
He was a Russian composer, conductor and pedagogue member of the group of composers known as The Five.c Considered a master of orchestration, his best-known orchestral works—the Spanish Caprice, the Overture to the Great Russian Easter, and the symphonic suite Scheherazade—are valued among the principal of the classical music repertoire, as well as the suites and fragments of some of his fifteen operas. Scheherazade is an example of his frequent use of fairy tales and folk themes. -
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini better known simply as Giacomo Puccini, was an Italian opera composer, considered among the greatest, of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.2 -
Hugo Filipp Jakob Wolf (13 March 1860 – 22 February 1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovenian origin, who lived during the final years of the nineteenth century in Vienna. -
He was an Austro-Bohemian composer and conductor whose works are considered, along with those of Richard Strauss, the most important of post-Romanticism. -
He was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early Art Nouveau periods. He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer, and through his music, he is often credited with helping Finland develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia. -
Alfred Denis Cortot was a French-Swiss pianist and conductor. He is considered one of the most popular musicians of the first half of the 20th century and one of the best pedagogues, renowned for his poetic understanding of the piano works of Romanticism, particularly those of Chopin and Schumann. His contributions to the dissemination of knowledge of authors such as Claude Debussy and Isaac Albéniz are also notable. -
He was a Brazilian conductor and composer. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and European classical music. -
He was an American musician, composer, and pianist. He is popularly recognized for having managed to make a perfect amalgam between classical music and jazz, which is evident in his prodigious works. -
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He was a French composer, organist, pedagogue and ornithologist, one of the most outstanding musicians of the entire century. Both his fascination with Hinduism and his admiration for nature and birds, his deep Christian faith and his love for instrumental color were essential to his formation as a person and artist. -
He was a French composer. He is considered the creator of concrete music. He is the author of the book titled Treatise on Musical Objects, where he exposes his entire theory on this type of music. He composed different works, all of them based on the technique of concrete music. Among them, it is worth highlighting his Study for locomotives. -
He was an American composer, music theorist, artist, and philosopher. A pioneer of aleatoric music, electronic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments,3 Cage was one of the leading figures of the postwar avant-garde. -
He was a French composer, one of the most influential of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some authors consider him the first impressionist composer, although he categorically rejected the term. -
He was a French musician, considered the creator, along with Pierre Schaeffer, of the so-called concrete music and one of the godfathers of electroacoustic music. -
He was a French composer of the 20th century. His work, frequently linked to Impressionism, also shows a bold neoclassical style and, at times, features of Expressionism, and is the fruit of a complex heritage and musical discoveries that revolutionized music for piano and orchestra. Recognized as a master of orchestration and for being a meticulous musical craftsman, cultivating formal perfection while remaining deeply human and expressive at the same time. -
He is an American minimalist classical music composer. He studied at the Juilliard School in New York. His international recognition increased since the appearance of his opera Einstein on the Beach (1975). -
He was a Hungarian musician who stood out as a composer, pianist and researcher of Eastern European folk music. He is considered one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. He was one of the founders of ethnomusicology, based on the relationships that unite ethnology and musicology. -
He was a Spanish composer of musical nationalism, one of the most important of the first half of the 20th century, along with Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina and Joaquín Rodrigo, and one of the most important Spanish composers of all time. -
He was a Spanish composer and musicologist representative of nationalism in the first half of the 20th century. Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz and he composed the most important works of Impressionism in Spain. His most important works are Fantastic Dances and The Rocío Procession. -
He was an Austrian composer, music theorist and painter of Jewish origin. Since he emigrated to the United States in 1934, he adopted the name Arnold Schoenberg, and this is how he usually appears in English-language publications and around the world. -
He was a prominent Hungarian musician whose musical style first went through a post-Viennese-Romantic phase and then evolved into its main characteristic: the mixture of folklore and complex harmonies of the 20th century, shared with Béla Bartók. -
He was a Russian composer and conductor and one of the most important and transcendental musicians of the 20th century.