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The Babylonians studied astronomy as early as 400 BC and developed advanced ways of predicting events such as eclipses.
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Brahe set up an observatory in Hven, an island near Copenhagen and was able to calculate the position of Mars pretty accurately.
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Johannes Kepler a student of Tycho Brahe, publishes Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy). Where He published his first two laws of planetary motion. His first one stating that Mars had an Elliptical Orbit an new idea at the time.
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Galileo Galilei observes Mars with a early telescope becoming the first person to use it to observe space.
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Giovanni Cassini observes Mars and determines that the rotational period is about 24 hours and 40 min.
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Huygens is the first to notice a white spot on Mars at the south pole.
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Honore Flaugergues, a French amateur astronomer, notices "yellow clouds" on the surface of Mars, that were later found to be dust clouds.
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Flaugergues notices that the polar ice cap melt faster during the Martian Spring and leads him to believe that Mars is hotter than Earth.
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William Whewell decides that Mars has green seas and red land.
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Pierre Jules Janssen and Sir William Huggins make the first unsuccessful attempt to find water water vapor and oxygen spectroscopically.
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Richard Anthony Proctor publishes a map of Mars with continents and oceans.
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Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars. He names them Phobos (fear) and Deimos (fright), after the horses of the Greek war god, Ares
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Schiaparelli uses the term "canali" to describe the streaks on the surface of Mars. But the term is actually meant to mean canals. Inferring that Mars may have had some intelligent life form that has built canals.
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Percival Lowell begins observation of Mars at his observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona.
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Percival Lowell publishes the novel Mars.
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Mariner 4 was designed to carry out the first flyby of Mars.on November 28, 1964, Mariner 4 was launched successfully on an eight-month voyage to the red planet.
