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The term "cells" was coined by Robert Hook.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed first microorganisms. -
Gregor Mendel discovered traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Described scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, established science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theory. Microorganisms were responsible for infectious diseases.
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John Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. Led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.
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From studying fruit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes.
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Using Mice, Fred Griffith proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another.
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Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from fungus. Used to develope drugs.
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In DNA, the number of units of adenine equaled number of thymine, and the number of units of cytosine equaled number of guanine.
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Beadle and Tatum proposed the "One gene produces on enzyme" hypothesis.
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Avery, McCarthy, and McLeod established that DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.
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Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA. They also proved that the role of DNA as the hereditary material.
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established that DNA was a double helix through X-ray crystallography.
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA.
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Hayes discoveres plasmid DNA, and circular pieces of DNA are found in bacteria.
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Walter Gilbert discovered mechanism of gene expression through the study of messenger RNA.
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Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA.
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids that make up proteins.
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Vinograd purified and isolated DNA plasmids.
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Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the Escherichia Coli bacterium.
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Conducted by Boyer and Cohen.
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World's first genetic engineering company was founded.
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Scientists drew up recombinant DNA in mircroorganisms.
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA. They were able to read the correct order of bases of ACGT.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. Coli.
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Botstein found Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, a DNA fingerprint.
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Louise Joy Brown was the first human baby that resulted from the sperm and egg joining in a petri dish and then implanted in the womb.
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Genetically altered life forms can be patented is what the U.S. Supreme Court ruled. Biotech companies got upset.
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Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals.
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Placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria.
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants.
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Kary Mullis invented plymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA.
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Jeffriese applied RFLP in DNA profiling to study criminal cases.
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Sped up the labor-intense process.
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Genes were able to move into an organism.
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NIH revised safety guidlines to include plants grown in green houses and animals raised in barns.
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes.
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody.
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Maynard Olson invented YAC's, which are expression vectors for large proteins.
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.
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DNA chip was used to look at the expression of genes of an organism on a microscope slide or silicon chip.
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Dabiri and Garner invented a DNA sequenver that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour.
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Ron Breaker coined the term Riboswitch for part of molecule that regulates its own activity and gene expresssion.
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The Human Genome Project was completed by Francis Collins and Craig Venter. It provided the ability to find genes and to the sequencing of other genomes.
