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13th Amendment
This amendment was put in place, eight months after the civil war. It prevent colored people from being slaves. It was put into place because of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. -
Black Codes
Local laws, that were not written down, that prevented black from being treated equally. It was loop hole that whites found in order to still be "above" colored people. Included not being able to make eye contact with whites or shop at white stores, etc. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment states that every Unite States citizen is equal, and should be treated that way. Did not discriminate against color/race. The southern states involved in the in the civil war were required to sign off on it. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment gave black men the right to vote. Although they had the right to vote, many whites made up impossible "tests" in order to keep black men from voting. The 15th Amendment "tests" encouraged black codes. -
Jim Crow Laws
They were named after a minstrel show character. The laws required separate facilities for colored people, which were usually worse. They were put in place for social and political power. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Tenant farming required former slaves to rent land so they can work on it. Sharecropping required them to share a portion of their haven with the land owner. -
Lynching
"originated as frontier justice death," usually by hanging someone. A black person just had to be accused of a crime in order for lynching to be used. There was over 5,00 documented lynching cases. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ruled that states were allowed to have "separate but equal facilities." The term "separate but equal," was founded during this case. The case allowed states to have facilities that were definitely not equal but, would be considered "equal" because they were allowed to be free. -
19th Amendment
the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Before the 19th Amendment, only men had the right to vote. After a 70 year battle, women were finally given the right to vote in 1920. -
20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment, sets guidelines that president, vice president, senators, representatives, and congress should follow. The terms of the president and vp, end at noon of the 20th of January. The terms of senators and representatives end at noon on the third day of January. Congress must assemble at least once a year -
Federal Housing Authority
Founded in1934 in part of the National Housing Act. It sets standards for home buildings/home loans and more home related cases. It is also in charge of many mortgage insurance programs. -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector was a physician and pioneering activist. In 1948 Garcia founded the American GI forum. Hector also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. -
Brown v. Ferguson
Brown v. Ferguson ended tolerance of segregation in public spaces. Until Brown v. Ferguson, blacks were not provided with the same amount of protection as others. This court case banned segregation from public schools, in order to give every student an equal education. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, was when African American refused to ride the buses to protest against having colored people sit in the back, and give up there seats for whites when there was not enough seats. It began because Rosa Parks was arrested for not wanting to give up her seat for whites. The Boycott lasted around a year, because the buses decided to terminate segregated seating because of the lost of money that the it had caused them. -
Rosa Parks
During this time, blacks had to sit in the back of the bus, while whites had front row seats. Rosa Parks took a stand from this issue, by not getting up her seat, and letting a white person take her seat. -
Desegregation
Desegregation meant to remove the separation and tension between colored and whites in our Nation. Desegregation took years to accomplish and was not easy to do. Many lives were lost and colored people struggled through out their whole lives. Desegregation began with Brown v. Board in 1955. -
Orville Faubus
Orville used Arkansas National Guardsmen to prevent the enrollment of 9 black students to a desegregated school. He served 6 consecutive terms as governor of Arkansas. He also served as an Army intelligence officer in five major campaigns in Europe, and received the rank of major. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
It was the first civil rights legislation since reconstruction. It protected voting rights. Many whites made up impossible tests, as loop holes to prevent certain people from voting. -
Sit-ins
Sit-ins were a way to peacefully protest against segregation and racism. The most famous sit-in, is one that occurred in Greensboro, NC, dealing with black college students not being served equally. -
Civil Disobedience
The act of refusing to follow certain laws. African Americans committed civil disobedience, such as not giving up their seats for whites or refusing to leave an "only white" counter." Civil Disobedience was meant to make a greater difference in their actions -
Nonviolent Protest
A way of peaceful protesting. Nonviolent protesting refuses to bring violence, fighting, hateful words in the way of making an impact. They attempt to make change with protesting, sit-ins, civil disobedience, ex- greensboro sit-in. -
Affirmation Action
It is positive discrimination. It is a way to favor those who tend to be more susceptible to discrimination. It favors the minority, for example African Americans or Hispanics. -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar lead a boycott to receive the right to unionize as field workers. Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. He was able to secure raises and improve working conditions for farmers. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. Martin Luther King Jr. lead the bus boycott, and peaceful protests. Even after being arrested multiple times, he had continue to lead and stand against racisms. -
George Wallace
Governor of Alabama. George ran for president 4 times, and lost 4 times also. Wallace was pro-segregation and believed segregation should be around forever, and in 1963 said "I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever." -
24th Amendment
Prevents the United States and other states from prohibiting anyone to vote, because they had failed to pay any taxes and or poll taxes. A poll tax is a fee that was required in order to vote. Many did not have that extra money in order to pay for the fee, therefore could not vote and were unable to vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prevented discrimination based on sex, race, religion, color, or national origin in hiring, promoting, or firing. It helped give more opportunities to colored people. Civil Rights Act of 1964 also made sure everyone is treated fair and equally in a job setting. -
Head Start
Head Start was created to help bring people out of poverty. Also helps meet emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological needs. It is a nonprofit organization to help children succeed. -
Upward Bound
Helps student succeed in their precollege performance. Upward Bounds serve student with parents from low income, and in which neither parents hold a bachelor's degree. It's a Federal Trio Program. -
Veteran Rights Act of 1965
A law passed to eliminate devices that prevented voting. Passed during the civil rights movement. An example of such devices, was literacy test, because most blacks, had just been freed from being slaves, and therefore did not know how to read. -
Betty Friedan
Betty helped advocate for women's rights. She was one of the founders of the National Organization for Women. Betty wrote about confining gender stereotypes. -
Thurgood Marshall
Marshall was appointed to the supreme in 1967. The won the Brown v. Board of Education case, which helped end segregated school. Ended the statement"separate but equal." -
Lester Maddox
Lester Maddox was the governor of Georgia. He was a former restaurant owner who felt passionately about continuing segregation. Maddox had never held any type of public office before, but he ran, and won. -
26th Amendment
The 26th Amendment basically states that "if they're old enough to fight, they are old enough to vote." Before the legal age to vote was 21. It began when 18 year old boys had been drafted to fight the Vietnam war, but were still not allowed to vote, Nixon signed it into law. -
Title IX
tITLE IX prohibits sex discrimination in receiving federal funding. " Schools are legally required to respond and remedy hostile educational environments and failure to do so is a violation that means a school could risk losing its federal funding." Helps protect victims of sexual harassment, or violence.
