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Meiji Restoration
-Instituted to protect Japan from foreign domination
-New systems of governance implemented -
The Meiji Constitution
-Reform in Japan (abolishment of feudalism, creation of parliament , industrial development)
-Emperor- head of state and divine
-Authority in gov. came from Emperor
-All cabinet decisions and laws needed to be approved by all ministers or else it could not be signed
-Increased military power (two cabinet positions/they could veto any government decision/their demands met)
-Diet: House of Representatives and Appointed House of Peers -
First Sino-Japanese War
-War between Japan and the Qing Dynasty of China
-Fought primarily because of Japanese interference with Korea
-China lost -
Treaty of Shimonoseki
- Signed in 1895 between China and Japan -Terms of Treaty included: Korean independence from China, Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula are given to Japan, China was to give Japan 13,600 tons of silver, Japanese ships were able to function on the Yangtze River, and four Chinese ports opened to Japanese imports
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The Boxer Rebellion
-Chinese form Anti-Christian and Anti-foreign revolt
-Russian troops sent to Manchuria
-Protect railways from Chinese Rebels
-Foreign troops break up revolt
-Japan gets influence over Korea- Russia gets influence over Manchuria -
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
-Alliance formed between Britain and Japan
-Britain and Japan agree to aid each other militarily
-If one of the countries was at war with only one other country the other has the right to remain neutral, but 2 or more other must aid
-The alliance was directed at Russia -
Russo-Japanese War
-War between the Japanese and Russian Empires
-Dispute over Manchuria and Korea
-Russia wanted land for railroads, mining, and trade
-Japan wanted land in these regions and trade
-Japan defeats Russia (defeat Port Arthur-based Russian navy/ Japan takes over Sakhalin Island after defeating Russian in the Battle of Tsushima Straits ) -
Treaty of Portsmouth
-Treaty after Russo-Japanese War: Closed War
-Treaty between Russia and Japan
-USA negotiated treaty
-Terms included: Both Russia and Japan take troops out of Manchuria and give Manchuria back to China, the southern half of Sakhalin Island was granted to Japan, the right to lease the Southern Manchurian Railway from China was granted to Japan, and the right to lease Port Arthur from China and the Liaodong Peninsula was grated to Japan
-Japan did not feel like they were granted enough -
Twenty-One Demands to China
-Japan makes a list of demands to China
-Some of the demands include: Japan gets control over Manchuria and the Shantung Peninsula, Japan can build railways connecting ports under its control, extend lease on South Manchurian Railway, contract schools, hospitals, and temples anywhere in China, and purchase any military equipment from Japan -
Paris Peace Conference
-Japan: founding member of the League of Nations
-Members: agree to settle disputes through arbitration and negotiation
-War with one member=war against all members
-USA did not join league thus making it weak
-Japan institutes conscription and increase navy size
-Japan wanted security and later empire -
Washington Naval Conference
-Five power treaty (Invite from USA to Japan and Britain): certain battleships were to be scrapped, large battleship construction to be halted for 10 years, Japan could only have 3 capital ships for every 5 the USA or Britain were allowed (and 60% the size), Britain and USA: no fortifications except for Pear Harbor
-Four Power: end Anglo-Japanese Alliance/respect territories
-Nine Power: Japan remove military from the Shantung Peninsula/ respect China independence/boarders -
Great Depression
-Decrease in employment in Japan- farmers lose farms
-Gross National Product decreases by 20%
-50% of businesses shut down
-Prices in Agriculture decrease by 45%
-Japan gets shut off from USA exports -
Manchurian Crisis
-Japan desired Manchuria because: they were running out of space (was 4x bigger than Japan), resources (ex: cotton, coal, iron), low population, access to Chinese markets, railroad
-Mukden Incident: Japan thought Chinese troops were responsible for Bomb at South Manchurian Railway
-Japan sends troops to Manchuria
-Eventually, Japanese take over almost all of Manchuria
-Most other countries respond negatively towards Japan's actions -
Formation of the Lytton Commission
-League of Nations investigate Manchuria and Japan, and determine that Japan was an aggressor and was not trying to help Manchuria
-Wanted Japan to withdraw troops
-Japan leaves the League of Nations -
Tanggu Truce
-Signed by Chinese government
-Acknowledged that Manchuria and Jehol were under Japanese rule
-Established neutral zone
-China will not fight Japan for this land -
Japanese Expansion into China
-China Garrison Army formed by Japan
-Options for China: withdraw from Hebei Province or Japan will invade
-Majority of Northern China was controlled by Japan
-Japan could move troops effectively through Chinese regions -
Anti-Comitern Pact
-Pact between Japan and Germany
-Both agreed to oppose communism
-Germany hoped to increase pressure on Soviet Union, where Japan looked to expand into China -
Nanjing Massacre
-Japanse soldiers raped/murdered Chinese women and children, looted Chinese property, and captured and executed Chinese soldiers
-Estimated 300,000 people killed
-After hearing about incident, foreigners were outraged and public turn away/against Japan -
The Second Sino-Japanese War
-War between China and Japan
-Primarily fought for economic reasons
-Lasted until 1945
-Impact on Japan: anti-Soviet forces weakened, drain on resources, millions of troops to China, military needs dictate domestic policies and economics, increase in employment, shortage of consumer goods, inflation, military controlled gov., and political parties banned -
Chiang Bombs Shanghai
-Chiang bombs Shanghai, which was controlled by Japan
-Ignites war between China and Japan -
China Appeals to the League of Nations
-In 1937, China appeals to the League of Nations
-League remains "weakened, uninvolved, and uninterested"
-China and Japan do not keep promises in Nine-Power Treaty (extend hospitalities/work with other countries in resolving issues) -
Nazi-Soviet Pact
-Made for economic aspects
-Germany and Soviets
-Japan wants anti-Soviet government that is aggressive near the Soviets so they won't attack -
Tripartite Pact
-Alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany
-Agreed to not engage in war with each other -
The Hull Note
-A demand from the USA to Japan
-USA demanded the Japan: end its participation in the Tripartite Alliance, repudiate the Republic of China, and remove all of its troops from IndoChina and China (including Manchuria)
-Japan responds by: attacking British and USA forces across the Pacific Ocean region -
Japanese Attack on Peal Harbor
-Japan launches 353 aircraft to attack US navy ships
-Effect on US: killed over 2,400 people and injured 1,200 people, damage 4 battle ships and sank 4 battle ships, 188 air crafts were destroyed, sank three destroyers and cruisers, and sank 2 naval vessels
-USA declares war on Japan
-Japan hopes to gain time to take over the Dutch East Indies and defeat China
