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To explain black-body radiation
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Discovered nuclear transmutation when they found that radioactive thorium was converting itself into radium through a process of nuclear decay.
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Determined the equivalence of matter and energy
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quantum mechanics provides the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate, and the discovery of the boson.
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Outlined the "Pauli exclusion principle" which states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously