-
School Museums
School museums gave students opportunities to learn through different media. -
Instructional Films
Works consisting of non-fiction films and video designed to teach, instruct, or train. -
Instructional Radio
Uses audio technology to provide educational opportunities for students. -
Television
A system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens, mostly used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education. -
World War ll
A war between the Axis and the Allies, beginning on September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and ending with the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, and of Japan on August 14, 1945. -
Early Computers
Computers were fist used in education and training in the 1950's; these were called computer-assisted instructions (CAI). -
Instructional Television
Before the 1950's, there had been a number of instances in which television had been used for instructional purposes, but during the 1950's, there was tremendous growth. -
Programmed Instruction
The programmed instruction movement ran from the mid-1950's through the mid-1960's. Programmed instruction presents information in small steps, requires over responses to frequent questions, provides immediate feedback, and allows for learning self-pacing -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Written by Benjamin Bloom; indicated that within the cognitive domain there were various types of learning outcomes, that objectives could be classified according to the type of learner behavior described therein, and that there was a hierarchical relationship among the various types of outcomes. -
Sputnik
The first orbiting space satellite; in response to the launch, instructional materials developed funds. -
Behavioral Objectives
The idea of the use of objectives was discussed and used by educators as far back as the early 1900's, but in the 1960's, specific behavioral objectives were recognized. -
Criterion-Referenced Testing
Intended to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how well others perform. -
Instructional Design Models
Individuals such as Gagné were the first to describe instructional design models, which include task analysis, objective specification, and criterion-referenced testing; these are all linked together to form instructional design models. -
Conditions of Learning
Written by Robert Gagné, this book describes five domains, or types, of learning outcomes. -
Events of Instruction
In his book, Gagné describes nine teaching activities that he considered essential for promoting the attainment of any type of learning outcome. -
Formative Evaluation
In response to the launch of Sputnik, instructional materials were created, then revised, by Michael Scriven. He indicated a revision would enable educators to evaluate the effectiveness of materials while they were still in their formative stages. He named this tryout and revision process formative evaluation. -
Summative Evaluation
Michael Scriven contrasted formative evaluation with summative evaluation, which is the testing of instructional materials after they are in their final form. -
Media Research
Studies conducted to identify how various features, or attributes, of audio-visual affected learning; the goal being to identify those attributes that would facilitate learning in given situations. -
Cognitive Psychology
During the 1980's, there was a growing interest in how the principles of cognitive psychology could be applied in the instructional design process. -
Internet
Advances in computers and the Internet have led to a rapid increase in instructional learning. However, the Internet began in 1990 when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web -
Constructivism
Constructivism is a collection of similar views of learning and instruction that gained increasing popularity throughout the decade.
