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The rebels seized Nanjing, the second largest city of the empire, and massacred 25,000 men, women, and children.
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U.S. consul Townsend Harris signed a more detailed treaty. It called for the opening of several new ports to U.S. trade and residence, as well as an exchange of ministers.
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the Sat-Cho alliance (from Satsuma-Choshu) forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West.
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Meiji Restoration begins
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Tokyo School of Fine Arts was established to promote traditional Japanese art. Japanese artists searched for a new but truly Japanese means of expression.
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Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in 1898.
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Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary
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Japan annexes Korea
