-
In 470 B.C., Athens emerged to Delian League. This grown to 200 city-states.
-
In 621 B.C.,the first democratic a nobleman Draco took power. He develop a legal code.
-
In 594 B.C., Solon the democratic, made democratic reforms stating:no one person should own another person. This was outlawing slavery at the time.
-
In 750 B.C., a city-state was the fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece. New city-states were joining and appearing.
-
From 1600 to 1100 B.C., Mycenae could withstand from any attack warrior kings surrounded the village and farms.
Strong rulers controlled the area. -
In 1200 B.C., Trojan war was fought between the mycenaeans and troy. Trojan war lasted 10 years.
-
Homer Methods composed epics and narrative poems, called the Iliad. Made in 700-750 B.C.
-
The Persian War began between the Greek and Persian empire. The persians ended up conquering the area in 546 B.C.
-
The Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the Aegean Sea and landed northeast of Athens. They were able to spread through exspanion in 490 B.C.
-
In 1200 B.C., Sea riders attacked and burned Mycenaean cities.This made their city-states wekaer adn then easier to invade again.
-
In 725 B.C., Sparta conquered the neighboring region Messenia and took over the land. The Messenians became peasants forced to stay on the land and work.
-
From 600-370 B.C., Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece, the spartan people paid a high price for the military supremacy.
-
When invaders threatened Rome in 494 BC, the plebeians seceded or withdrew, then left Rome.
-
After Crassus died, in 44 B.C., Caesar and Pompey go into a civil war, Caesar wins and got full control over the Republic. The Senate then later declared him as the dictator for life.
-
Around 450 BC, the Plebeians forced the patricians to have all laws written down.
-
The law of the Twelve Tables, this was a thing sometime around 450 BC, was rome's first written law code. The laws protected both the lenders and borrowers.
-
In 256 BC, the Romans had defeated the Etruscans and the Greek Cities in the Southern italy. As the Romans conquered Italy they generally imposed few conditions on their subject peoples.
-
The Etruscans ruled Rome until 509 BC, when the Romans revolted and threw out their last king.
-
Between 246-146BC, the conflict between these two cities eventually grew into a series of three wars. This was called the Punic Wars, they continued on and off for nearly 80 years.
-
Violence broke out between Rome and Carthage in 264 BC, this was the beginning of the First Punic War.
-
Scipio routed Hannibal's forces on the plain of Zama outside Carthage and took the city, ending the Second Punic War in 202 BC.
-
Rome decided to destroy its old enemy for the last time. They declared war for the third time in 149 BC.
-
In 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal led a well-trained army and a force of war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy. For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian country-side, defeating one Roman army after another.
-
In 50 BC, Julius Caesar was one of the most powerful men in the Roman Republic. He was the Governor of the province of Gaul the winner of dozen of battles, a charismatic leader, and a powerful public speaker.
-
In 107 BC, the social unrest reached a new level when a talented military leader name Gaius Marius was elected consul.
-
Between 3000-2000 BC, the Sumerians city-states went to war multiple times. This formed the role of leadership.
-
During 2500 BC, Arithmetic, geometry, architectural innovations, and Cuneiform were made by Sumerians. These developed a language and a measurement accuracy.
-
In 2500 BC, Manny settlers gather and traded ideas within Sumerian city-states. Cultural diffusion helped other cultures to experience new things and improve based on what they learned from others.
-
In 2500 BC, Sumerian city-states were ruled by dynasties. Leadership kept villages in place, an important part of Sumerian society.
-
In 2350 BC, Sargon defeated the city states of Sumer. He led an army from Akkad, which was north of sumer. He helped spread the culture and create the first empire.
-
In 2300 BC, Cuneiform was created by Sumerians. It was written on clay tablets recording events, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine.
-
In 2150 BC, Sargon’s dynasty came to an end due to violence, invasions, and a famine. It was the end to the first empire.
-
From 1792-1750 BC, Babylonian empire came to its end during the rise of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was well known for creating his code of laws. He created 282 code of laws.
-
Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, all took over Rome in 60 BC,The Roman Republic as the First Triumvirate. This meant three men ruled.
-
In 500 B.C.,The athenian leader Cleisthenes, he broke power of the nobility and organized people into 10 groups where they lived on their wealth.
-
In 650 B.C., the Messenians resented Spartans harsh rule.Then they turned themself into a city state.
-
In 1500 B.C., Mycenaean civilization came into contact with the Minoan through seaborne trade. This lead to more trade and expansion of new ideas and products.
-
In 300 Bc, the Romans began to elect magistrates called praetors. Peators could also act for the consuls when the consuls were at war. When Rome began to spread the consuls and praetors were usually given military commands.
-
In 3300 BC, the Sumerians were introduced as settlers coming for good soil. They created many tools and technology.
-
In 3300 BC, the Sumerians were faced with many environmental challenges where they were trying to settle. Sumerians had to deal deal with floods or no rain at all and they had no natural resources.
-
In 3000 BC, the Sumerians built the city states that were the start of civilization: Uruk, Kish, Langash, Umma, and Ur.
-
In 3000 BC, Wars began to start and the priests were responsible for their own government while military leaders lead the city. Priests and kings were at the highest rank in the social class.
-
In 2500 BC, Sumerians believed their many gods controlled different forces of nature. To impress them they built ziggurats.Ziggurats were like worshiping temples or a place were place could go and pray.
-
In 1792 BC, Hammurabi had a code of laws created due to the unsafe village. He used it to unify diverse groups in his empire. These helped keep everyone inline and to help the village and make it a safer palce.
-
In 1530 BC, Babylonia is conquered by the Kassites. They rule the area for more than 400 years.
-
In 3000 BC, the Kings, Queens, priests, and wealthy landowners stand above merchants who are above farmers and peasants.
-
From 2040-1640 BC, the Egyptians created thousands of new acres of farmland by draining the swamps of lower Egypt. They also built huge dikes to trap and channel Nile’s floodwaters for irrigation.
-
During 1640 BC, the Middle Kingdom was brought to an end. Hyksos moved from Palestine across the Isthmus of Suez into Egypt.
-
In 3100 BC, the Egyptians developed hieroglyphics. Unlike cuneiform it was written on papyrus reeds.
-
In 2180 BC, the power of the Pharaohs declined Which marked the end of the Old Kingdom.
-
During 2040-1640 BC, The Middle Kingdom restored law and order. Egyptians improved trade and transportation by digging a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.
-
In 2700 BC, the Egyptians created the calendar with 365 days. They used it to keep track of when to plant according to flooding.
-
Between 1630-1523 BC, the Hyksos ruled Egypt. They were the “rulers of foreign lands”.
-
In 2500 BC, Indus Valley filled their streets with buildings made of oven baked bricks. They also developed a plumbing and sewage system.
-
In 3200 BC, the Villages of Egypt were under control of Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. They were said to be under the control of Narmer.
-
In 2700 BC, the Egyptians developed a system of written numbers for counting, adding, and subtraction. They used the system to collect taxes.
-
In 2600 BC, the Start of the Old Kingdom. Pyramids reflect the strength of Egypt and show the economic strength and technology.
-
In 2660 BC, the Pharaohs became Egypt's kings and were viewed as gods. This type of government was called theocracy.
-
In 2500 BC, the Egyptians built pyramids as burial sites for the pharaohs. Egyptians made the advancement of building huge pyramids.
-
In 2005 BC, the Mentuhotep II gained control of entire country. The agriculture started to advanced.
-
1100 BC, the Upper and Lower Egypt split. This calls for new ruling.
-
In 2500 BC, the Indus civilization rose in part of India and Pakistan. It had flat fertile land formed by the Indus and Ganges River.
-
In 2000 BC, the Indus River brought yearly floods. This caused either too much rain, too little rain, or a perfect balance that was unpredictable.
-
In 2500 BC, the Indus Valley created an impressive city plan. They laid the city in a precise grid system.
-
In 7000 BC, People were farming along the Indus River. They were among the first ever.
-
In 2500 BC, Indus Valley’s largest cities were Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. The civilization was called Harappan civilization.
-
In 2600 BC, the trading began on the Indus River. They traded with Mesopotamians and brought luxury goods to Sumer.
-
In 1750 BC, the quality of building in Indus Valley declined. This started the end to Indus civilization.
-
In 1750 BC, the cities near the river suffered great disasters. Those who survived had no way to farm and died.
-
In 1700 BC, the higher class people lived in timber framed houses made of straw and clay while the lower class who were peasetns and carfts people, just lived in little huts.
-
In 2500 B.C., what is now called Pakistan was India’s first created civilization. The first cities were building and first to use brick. started using levees and walls to hold out the water.
-
By 3200 B.C., the people were farming and improving agriculture in villages by the Indus river.
-
1500 B.C. Aryans, who were nomadic people, came into the Indus valley and Indian civilizations grow again under the influence of the nomads.
-
By 3200 B.C., the people were farming and improving agriculture in villages by the Indus river.
-
1.7 millions years ago, fossil remains of a Homo erectus were found in China. They show settling as far back as 500,000 years.
-
In 771 BC, the Nomads from the north and west came in to attack the Zhou capital and murder the Zhou monarch. Thier government failed and chaos happened.
-
In 1027 BC, the Shang Dynasty ended. They built elaborate palaces and tombs that were found and left a lot of information.
-
In 1027, the Zhou dynasty came in and established their own dynasty. They overthrew the Shang dynasty.
-
In 1600 BC, the Chinese had their own written language. it didn’t link to their written language.
-
In 1000 BC, the Zhou brought the Mandate of heaven to power. it chose the leader and became central to the government.
-
Between 1368-1644 BC, the last Chinese dynasty was the Ming, which lasted from C.E. 1368 to 1644. It was famous for its exquisite arts and crafts.
-
In 618-907 BC, the literature and arts flourished under the ruling of the Tang Dynasty.
-
In 551 BC, Confucius was born. He developed 5 relationships to organize China in a time of crisis.
-
In 221 BC, the Shi Huangdi worked to strengthen China. He ruled harshly
-
In 2000 BC, the Monsoons dominated India’s climates. They suffered anything from a blowing of dry air to blowing of great moisture and rain.
-
In 1800 BC, the Harappan created a written language with about 400 symbols. It cannot be deciphered to this day.
-
In 2500 BC, the people of Indus Valley began laying bricks to build the city. They built earthen walls to keep water out of the city.
-
In 1700 BC the Shang Dynasty rose. They were the first family of Chinese rulers to leave written records.
-
In 2000 BC, the settlements began to grow as China's first
new cities. at this time the Chinese first dynasty, the Xia dynasty was first created. -
In 581 BC, the grand canal was built. This helped with expansion and trading products.
-
In 300 BC, the Qin dynasty replaced the Zhou dynasty. It would fall due to a peasant rebel.
-
The mayor of the palace in 719,Charles Martel held more power than the king. Charles Martel extended the Franks’ reign to the
north, south, and east. -
In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob
that had attacked the pope. In gratitude, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. The coronation was historic. -
Charles Martel also defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732. This battle was highly significant for Christian Europeans. If the Muslims had won, western Europe might have become part of the Muslim Empire.
-
From about 800 to 1000, invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire. Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy. In 846, they sacked Rome. Magyar invaders struck from the east.
-
Different dialects developed as new words and phrases became part of everyday speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Roman based languages had evolved from Latin. The development of various languages mirrored the continued breakup of a once-unified empire.
-
Charlemagne spread Christianity. He reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. By 800, Charlemagne’s empire was larger than the Byzantine Empire. He had become the most powerful king in western Europe.
-
In 911, two former enemies faced each other in a peace ceremony. Rollo was the head of a Viking army. Rollo and his men had been plundering the rich Seine
River valley for years. -
Leather saddles and stirrups changed the way warfare was conducted in Europe during the 700s. Both had been developed. The saddle kept a warrior firmly seated on a moving horse. Stirrups enabled him to ride and handle heavier weapons. Without stirrups to brace him, a charging warrior was likely to topple off his own horse.
-
Around 520, an Italian monk named Benedict began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries. Benedict’s sister, Scholastica headed a convent and adapted the same rules for women. These guidelines became a model for many other religious communities in western Europe.
-
In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory
the Great, became pope. As head of the Church in Rome, Gregory broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope’s office, beyond its spiritual role. -
In 731, the Venerable Bede, an English monk, wrote a history of England. Scholars still consider it the best historical work of the early Middle Ages. In the 600s and 700s, monks made beautiful copies of religious writings, decorated with ornate letters and brilliant pictures.
-
By 600, the Church, with the help of Frankish rulers, had converted many Germanic peoples. These new converts had settled in Rome’s former lands.
-
In the years of upheaval between 400 and 600, small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces. The borders of those kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war.
-
By 511, Clovis had united the Franks
into one kingdom. The strategic alliance between Clovis’s Frankish kingdom and the Church marked the start of a partnership between two powerful forces. -
Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry Knights were expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord. By the 1100s, the code of chivalry, a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters.Sons of nobles began training for knighthood at an early age and learned the code of chivalry. At age 7, a boy would be sent off to the castle of another lord. As a page, he waited on his hosts and began to practice fighting skills. At around age 14, the page