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The caravel, a small but durable sailing ship, was one of the many inventions that helped usher in the Age of Exploration. -
The Age of Exploration was when Europeans started exploring the world. They explored places to find trade routes, wealth, and knowledge.
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The Columbian exchange was the exchange of animals, plants, and ideas. It began when Christopher Columbus landed in the New World.
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Christopher Columbus was a European explorer who was known for “discovering” America. He was trying to find Asia but instead found America. -
The Line of Demarcation was revised in the Treaty of Tordesillas. It was one line drawn along the Atlantic Ocean which divided lands claimed by Portugal from Spain. -
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal. The Line of Demarcation was part of it, giving land to the right of it to Portugal and land to the left of it to Spain.
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The Renaissance was a period of history known as the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.
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David was a statue that was made by Michelangelo. It's roughly the size of a two-story building. -
Vasco de Balboa found the Pacific Ocean. He found it by crossing the Isthmus of Panama. -
Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses about how indulgences have no impact on whether or not someone gets into heaven. He posted them on a church door in Wittenburg, Germany.
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Ferdinand Magellan was one of the first people to sail around the world, he sailed for Spain. He set sail to prove that everything west of the Line of Demarcation belonged to Spain.
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The Diet of Worms was an imperial diet called by Charles V. It banned Luther’s writings and declared him a heretic. -
Atahualpa was the last Inca emperor. He was captured by Spanish conquistadors and was killed by Francisco Pizzaro.
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Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuit order. He was also an influential figure in the counter-reformation movement. -
The Council of Trent was held in Italy. It was the Catholic reply to the Protestant Reformation. It lasted about 20 years. -
Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer. It's a service book for Anglican churches.
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The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between the Holy Roman Empire, Charles v, and the Schmalkaldic League. it was an agreement to accept both Lutheranism and catholicism. -
Charles V stepped down due to pressure. He abdicated the throne in favor of his son. -
Thomas Cranmer was burnt to death by Mary Tudor. He died because he was declared a heretic. -
Elizabeth Tudor finalized the Elizabethan Compromise. It was a compromise between the protestants and Catholics that created a church of England that had practices from both religions.
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Francis Drake was the first to sail around the world after Magellan. Francis was also good at privateering and made several voyages to the West Indies. -
Bartholomew's Day massacre was the massacre of French Huguenots in Paris. It was planned by Catherine Medici. -
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet sent by Phillip II to England. There were four reasons for the armada; Elizabeth I rejected Phillip’s marriage proposal, England supported the Dutch Calvinists, England was protestant, and Francis Drake’s privateering. -
The Edict of Nantes was made by Henry IV of France. It granted religious tolerance to the Huguenots and ended the French civil wars. -
The 30 years war was a religious conflict mainly fought in Europe. It’s known as one of the longest and most brutal wars in history.
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The English Civil War was between Charles I who was fighting for absolute monarchy and Oliver Cromwell who didn’t believe in the divine right of kings. The roundheads were fighting with Oliver Cromwell and the cavaliers were fighting for Charles I.
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Commonwealth was the era after the English civil war where England was strictly Calvinist. It was led mainly by Oliver Cromwell.
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The Age of Absolutism was a period where people believed in absolute monarchy. This era saw the rise of states and feudalism.
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Restoration is when the Parliament called the Charles II to rule England. He converted England to Anglicanism.
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The Bill of Rights was an agreement between the king and parliament that declared that they ruled alongside each other. The Bill of Rights was an attempt to decentralize.