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Territories of the Russian Empire in which Jews were permitted perminant settlement.
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eased censorship and promoted education during his reign
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tried to modernize Russia, limited the power of landowners, and did not impact Russia largely. Promoted nationalism.
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Italy transitions from multiple states to one country with Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi leading them.
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defeated in Crimean war, which showed how Russia was not using modern technology. Emancipation of surfs, legal rights (trial with a jury, etc.), eased censorship, encouraged industrial growth. Assassinated
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war between Prussia and Austria, Bavaria
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war between France and Germany over land. Germans won
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Germany unifies due to the populations religious and culturial similarities.
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The German agitator Wilhelm Marr constructed anti-Jewish campaigns in central Europe at the time.
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wanted revenge for his father’s murder, increased powers of the secret police, increased censorship, banished critics to Siberia
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A zionest pamphlet in German that Leon Pinsker, a Jewish doctor wrote about getting a Jewish state.
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European nations including: Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Belgium tried to “claim” land in Africa and civilize the Africans.
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First modern wave of the Zionest movement to Palestine.
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to negotiate, peacefully, which country got what land in Africa
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forced to abdicate throne after rebellions in Russia
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Political scandal where Jewish French officer Alfred Dreyfus, was convicted of treason.
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Herzl planned a gathering in Basel, Switzerland where the Zionist Organization was created and therefore formualted a Zionist plan.
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Open letter by Emile Zola in the newspaper, L'Aurore adressing the French government of Anti-Semitism towards the Alfred Dreyfus affair.
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An antisemitic hoax that was created to illustrate a Jewish plan for domminating the world.
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Plan to make Brittish territoy in East Africa the Jewish people's home. It was supported by Theodre Herzl.
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Second movement where about 20,000 Jews (mostly Russian) immigrated to Palestine.
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war fought between Russia and Japanese. Russia lost showing that despite its superior size it did not have enough modern technology to go to war with any county at that time.
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Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated in response to Serbia joining Austria-Hungary
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took place in mostly Europe, first war since the industrial revolution. Central powers (Germany, Poland, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia [left due to their revolution], Italy, US)
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ended the rule of the tsars in Russia, Provisional Government made from the State Duma took over, although they didn't change anything. Later Lenin and the Bolshevik party took control with almost no opposition. They ruled for six decades, and people suffered enormously
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US declares war on Germany, provide troops, money, supplies, and a much-needed morale boost
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between Red Army fighting for the Bolsheviks, and the white army (people for: monarchism, capitalism, and socialism). which was disorganized and chaotic which led to its defeat by the red army
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a truce between the allies and Germany. Signified the end of WWI
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created at the Paris Peace Conference. Primarily created by France and Great Britain; they forced Germany to: reduce military, give up land, give resources to France, pay reparations, accept responsibility. Austria-Hungary had to split up, give up land, and pay reparations. Ottoman was wiped off the map and became turkey.
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after he became prime minister he installed all fascist party members in all government jobs, controlled the press, stops the mafia, and industrialized Italy
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sets up a police state, implants censorship, minorities persecuted, and promises to restore Germany to glory
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German troops march into Warsaw and Great Britain and France declare war
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Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii
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160,000 Allied troops landed in a heavily-fortified French coastline, to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy
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German troops throughout Europe laid down their arms
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an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima
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Japan had surrendered to the Allies, effectively ending World War II
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rioting workers were shot by soldiers on the Tsar’s authority in St. Petersburg, this caused months of rebellion and “political violence” with people asking for a change in the government