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Massachusetts-1st compulsory education law
Massachusetts was the first state to fight for change for students with a disability. This law made it where students 8-14 to be mandated to attend school. It required that every town will offer primary school that focuses on grammar and math. -
Watson v. City of Cambridge
In Massachusetts the Supreme Judicial Court said that any child who was "weak in the mind" or made undesirable noises could be expelled from the public school. This was done in "good faith" of the schools and the other students. -
The White House Conference on Children
This conference was formed to define and establish programs that are made especially for children with disabilities. They are remedial programs that fit the needs of the students. This conference proved to be helpful and found an increase in the number of people who were interested in educating students with a disability. -
Beattie v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court in Wisconsin ruled that students could be excluded due to their disability in the public school. Student's conditions that were seen as a problem were drooling and facial contortions. Teachers found those conditions to be nauseating. -
The Council for Exceptional Children
Based in Reston, Virginia and is a professional organization founded by faculty and students at Teachers College, Columbia University. CEC has been a long time advocacy group advocating for the educational rights of students with a disability. Helped develop innovative educational programs. -
The Cuyahoga County Ohio Council for the Retarded Child
The group was founded by 5 mothers of children with mental disabilities that worked together in protest of the exclusion of their children from the school. The results were the establishment of a special class for their children that was sponsored by the parents. -
The National Association for Retarded Citizens
Started in Minneapolis, Minnesota and is now called ARC/USA. This group was founded by 42 parents and concerned individuals. The parents were advocating for their children to be a part of the community and not put away in an institution. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The ruling states that no student should be denied an education based on the color of their skin and later added disability. This ruling paved way for the 1975 federal law IDEA. Brown states that separation of school institutions are unequal. Advocates for Brown, said that students with any disabilities had the right to attend school like typical learning peers. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
The ESEA was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. This was the 1st federal law that provided funding to states for education of special students. It was to help improve the education of students with disabilities in the state schools. -
The Education of the Handicapped Act of 1970
The EHA took place of Title VI of the ESEA in 1970. This Act was put in place to ensure that federal funding would continue funding pilot programs at the state and local levels. The EHA was the first freestanding law for special education. This was the basic framework for much of the legislation that followed. -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarted Citizens (PARC) v. Pennsylvania
PARC saw that students with mental retardation in the state of Pennsylvania was not receiving publicly supported education due to the state delaying support. They stated that the 14th Amendment was being violated due to not giving those students equal opportunity to an education. The result was students with mental retardation from ages 6-21 are required to a free public education. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Mills v. Board of Education advocated for students that were denied or excluded from public school due to hyperactivity, mental disability, behavior problems, and physical impairments. The plaintiff said that they were denied their constitutional right to Due Process. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was the first civil rights law for persons with a disability. This states that no student can be excluded in participating in school activities or be denied benefits of, or be subject to discrimination with activities that obtain federal funding. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
EAHCA is also known as the Public Law 94-142. This was to ensure that all students are given an appropriate education in the public setting. It later became Individuals with Disabilities Act in 1990. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
IDEA is a federal law for special education and it is to ensure that all students get a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). It makes sure that students are placed in the least restrictive environment. Originated from The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. Mandates that students who become eligible for special education under one of the 13 categories receive an individualized education program or IEP. -
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
ADA became important to persons with disabilities in 1990. It is to keep jobs, educational facilities, transportation, and private places that are open to the public from discriminating people with disabilities. ADA is divided into 5 titles that help support people with disabilities in public life. -
No Child Left Behind
NCLB Act requires states to test students grade 3-8 and once in high school reading and math. This is to close the achievement gaps by providing all students with a equal and fair opportunity. The bill was signed by President George W. Bush. In 2015 Congress passed Every Student Succeeds Act to replace NCLB.