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Slave owners were worried that by only enslaving someone because of their religion, that the slaves could convert and the owners would easily lose their slaves. By using race-based slavery, this was not possible because slaves could not change the color of their skin.
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history_of_american_slavery/2015/05/why_america_adopted_race_based_slavery.html -
"The law, which only applied to Providence and Warwick, banned lifetime ownership of slaves. For periods of 10 years or less, it was still permitted to essentially own another person, as an indentured servent. And it’s not as if, 10 years after the statute was passed, people let their slaves go." http://time.com/4782885/rhode-island-antislavery/
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Following the ban on slavery in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey also banned slavery.
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President Abraham Lincoln passed the emancipation proclamation https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-emancipationproclamation/
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