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Phoenicians explored the entire Mediterranean Sea and sailed into the Atlantic Cornwall, England, and probably circumnavigated Africa. They navigated by familiar coastal landmarks and by the stars. The Phoenecians used the polar star and a tool of navigation. They also recorded wind and currents which they guarded heavily because it was valuable information.
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The English onk Bede published 'De Temporum Ratione', in which he discussed the lunar control of the tides and recognized monthly tidal variations and the effect of wind drag on tidal height.
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Leonardo Da Vinci observed, recored, and interpreted details about currents and waves and noted that fossils in the mountains of Italy implied that the level of the sea had been higher in the ancient past. This was extremely important to oceanography. Leonardo implied that the sea level had been higher but actually, the mountains were formed from land that had previously been located underwater.
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Geraduc Mercator constructed a map projection of the world that was adapted to navigational charts. Geraduc was great Renessance Cartographer. His useful craftsmanship helpeed progress new discoveries.
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Captain James Cook commanded three major ocean voyages, gathering extensive data on the geography, biota, currents, tides, and water temperatures of all of the principal oceans. James's achievment in mapping changed the perspective on the world geography.
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The USS Albatross was designed and constructed specifically to conducy scientific research at sea and undertook numerous oceanographic cruises.
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The Marine Biological Laboratory was established at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Dr. Charles Otis Whitman as its first director. Woods Hole currently holds ALVIN, which is soon to be recycled. ALVIN was the first underwater submarine ship to venture into the Mariana Trench. This was a great scientific discovery it shed light on what life was like in the deep sea. ALVIN 2,0 is currently being created which is bigger and can travel deeper into the deep sea.
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The German meteorologist Alfred Wegner proposed his theory of continental drift.
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The nuclear subarine USS Nautilus, commanded by C.D.R. Anderson, reached the North Pole under the ice. Besides this discovery, the submarine was used for numerous battle purposes.
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The U.S National Science Foundation organized the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) to core through the sediments and rocks of the oceans. This effort was reorganized in 1975 as the international Program of Ocean Drilling, which continues to be active in all of the world's oceans today.
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The Geochemical Ocean Sections Study was organized to obtain accurate biochemical measurements of seawater chemistry in an effort to explain the nature of ocean circulation and mixing and the biogeochemical recycling of chemical substances.
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Joint launching of Jason-1 Satellite by NASA and the French Space Agency to improve forecasting of currents and climate. Implementation of GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics), in international research program designed by oceanographers, marine ecologists, and fishery scientists.
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Charles Wyville Thompson, abroad the HMS Lightning and the HMS Porcupine, made the first series of deep-sea temperature measurements and collected ample life from great depths, disproving Forbe's azoic zone. Charles studied and specialized in the deep-sea. In this life, he made discovies of life known and unknown creatures.
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NASA launched the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite to monitor sea level and to keep track of changes in current patterns as climate fluctuates.
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Leif Ericson is the son of Eric the Red,who completed the firsts transatlantic crossing and discovered the Arctic Region of North America. Leif progressed his fathers discovery by establishing North American Settlement of Vinland aka Newfoundland.
