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The IRS was created
President Lincoln and Cogngress created a position of commissioner of Internal Revenue and eacted an income tax to pay war expenses. However, ten years later congress voted that this was unconstitutional and taxing individuals ended. (Breif History of IRS). -
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IRS and management
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Mary Parker Follett
Mary Parker Follett was considered the mother of Scientific Mangement. She argued that employees should have a say how jobs are completed since they are completing them. She suggested that mangers shoulf allow employees to make inputs. (Jones, 2014) -
Fredrick W. Taylor
Fredrick W. Taylor was said to be the father of the Scentific Method. Fredrick defined the procedure of scientific management. He studied a more efficient way to perform a task by 1. study your employees and find ways to improve. 2. Make these improvement the minimum standard. 3. Train employees to meet these standards. 4. Pay employees a little more than the mimimum of what is required for that task. (Jones, 2014) -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie started out with almost nothing and build himelf up to become a very rich many. He also had a new approach to managment and found way to reduce cost. He lengthened work days. He paid lower wages and had little concern for safety in his mills. (Jones, 2014) -
Economin Aspects of Accounting and Auditing
Accounting is not considered a profession in many states in the union, and yet they have to do the bookkeeping and then some. However, Accountants are a neccessity to business operations. Accountants do more then just account-keeping, they also have a great deal to do with Economics and with these two specialties they help make important decisions of a business (Lafrentz, 1906). -
16th Amendement passed
The original 16th Amendement was passed on July 2nd 1909 and is where income tax on individuals began. (Brief History of IRS). -
16th Amendement ratified
The 16th Amendment was ratified by Wyoming. The 16th Amendement gave Congress the authority to enact and income tax. During the same year the first Form 1040 appeared after Congress levied a 1 percent tax on net personal income about $3000 with a 6 percent surtax on income of more than $500,000 (History of US Income Tax). -
Cross-Functioning
Mary Parker Follett suggested that managers should allow employees to contribute to the organization in more ways than just working as an employee. She also believed in "cross- functioning" meaning that employees should and could work in several different parts of an organization (Jones, 2014). -
Principles of Management
Henri Fayol developed his 14 priciples of managment. They were very important to help increase efficiency of managment. These priciples are still used and studies almost one hundred years later. (Jones, 2014). -
Max Weber
Max Weber worked on bureacracy and created the bureaucry theory and was publiched. In total there were 6 aspects of the theory, Weber believed they could help managers have more control of their employees. (Bureaucracy, n.d.). -
Great Depression
The Great Depression was devistating to the U.S. economy and lasted several years. Because of the Great Depression there were drastic changes to the way businesses operated and how they manages. It akso forced managers to be more resourceful other wise their jobs were at risk. -
Hawthorne Effect
The Hawthorne Effect found that manager' behavior and leadership aproaches can affect a worker's level of performance. This paves the way to the emergence of the human relations movement which was the behavioral training of subordinates to help cooperation and increase their productivity. (Jones, 2014). -
Management Science Theory
The use of quantitative techniques were used to help managers amplify the use of companies resources (Jones, 2014). -
Socialtechnical Systems Theory
Eric Trist developed the Socialtechnical Systems Theory. In contains both social and technical aspects when designing jobs. This is where the idea of teamwork started. Saying that employees should work in groups and not individually. The four main subsystems of this theory include, environment subsystems, social subsystems, technical subsystems and organizational subsystems (Socio, n.d.). -
Hierarchy of Needs
MAslow created a hierarchy of needs that employers and managers use to realize that their employees have needs and need to fulfill them. He concluded that isf they fulfilled them then and employee with be more committed to a company and less likely to quit (Moslow, n.d.). -
Motivation and Hygeine Theory
Maslow's Heirarachy of needs created a lot of theory based off of t including the motivation and Hygeine Theory developed by Frederick Herzberg says that employees need motivaiton (good benefits) as well as worth while to be happy (Two, n.d.). -
Open System
Daniel Kratz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson developed the open system. Basically isn't a system that takes resources and converts them into good and services. For Example, rubber is made into tires and distributed to suppliers. (Jones, 2014). -
Theory Y
Theory Y says that employees are naturally good and are willing and want to do what is best for a company. Managers are encouraged to help employees with being able to reach the companies goals (Jones, 2014). -
Theory X
Theory X says that workers are not naturally good and don't want to do what's best. Most will do as little as they can possibly do and hate working, they only do it out of neccessity. Managers should create strict rules and regulations that employees should follow. (Jones, 2014). -
Contingency Theory
Contingency Theory was deloped by Tom Burns and G. M. Stalker in Britain and Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch in the United States. The big message from the Contingency Theory is that there isn't a best way to organize. The environment affecte and organization's ability to gain resources; becuase of this managers are allowed to organize department in they way they think is best for the organization (Jones, 2014). -
Management Grid
Robert Blake and Jane Mouton created a management grid with the horiontal axis representing "concern for task" and the vertical axis representing the "concern for people" with the notion for two dimensions can describe a manageril bahavior. (Blake, the, n.d.). -
Peters and Waterman
Tom Peters and Robert Waterman discovered three main sets of principles that succusseful company base their management on, they discovered the by identifying the 62 best organization in the United States (Jones, 2014). -
The IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
The IRS Restucturing and Reform Act of 1998 created changes in tax law as well as in the structure and functioning of the Internal Revenue Service. These changes helped to improve customer service within the IRS and helped to expand taxpayers rights (Internal, 1998). -
Pink Slips!
Daniel Prink published the free Agent Nation that argued workers do not need to work for companies for employment, there were other things some employees could do and were served a pink slip (Pink, 1997). -
Recession
It looked like it was going to be the great depression all over again but this time on a global scale when the world's greatest recession hit many businesses and hit them hard for all employees. This resulted in many cuts from employees down at the bottom all they up the chain of management.
