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Grammar Translation
-the medium of instruction was the mother tongue
-vocabulary was learned by translated lists
-Speaking and listening were treated as secondary skills -
direct method
-Students learnt sequences of strictly chosen gramatical phrases by repetition
-Speaking and listening were the most important skills
-grammar rules were replaced by phrases -
Period: to
Audio-lingual method+structuralist view of language
-linguists sugested language was a set of Structures
-vocabulary was seen as an adjunct
- the learning method was based on Behaviorist psychology -
Period: to
Structural-situational method
-the learning method was the PPP(Presentation, Practice, Production) -the target item was presented and given controled practice and then given further semi-controled practice in a "Role-play" -
Period: to
Functional Syllabuses
-they introduced a number of conventional Exponents
-students were taught this exponents at the expense of Grammar
-no obvius method was Suggested by defining languaje in this way -
Communicative methodology
-the key principle was the separation of classroom work into accuracy work and fluency work
-accuracy work: was for concentrating on learning new Bits of language
-Fluency work: was for the students to speak freely -
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Desuggestopedia
-Learning is facilitated in an environment that is as comfortable as possible
-“Peripheral” learning is encouraged through the presence in the learning environment of posters and decorations
-Teachers appeal to students’ consciousness and subconscious in order to better orchestrate the “suggestive” factors involved in the learning situatio -
Period: to
The silent Way
This method begins by using a set of colored wooden rods and verbal commands in order to achieve:
-avoid the use of the vernacular.
-create simple linguistic situations that remain under the complete control of the teacher.
-Teacher is generally silent, only giving help when it is absolutely necessary
-Student are encouraged to help each other -
Community Language Learning
-Language is a behavior of a learner that is directed toward others
-A learner can learn a new behavior fast if he is not interrupted
The counselor should give assistance the clients in using their language all the time.
-The counselor should give assistance in maintaining useful behavior by using three suggested techniques which are
(1) give the chance to clients to talk much
(2) develop the language productivity of the clients
(3) give the counseling and then make some evaluations -
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Test-teach-test
-the students are given a task, such as role play, without any prior teaching of the relevant language points (TEST)
-the teacher identifies the biggest errors and exposes a presentation (TEACH)
-followed by the students doing further practice of these target items (TEST) -
Period: to
Communicative Language Teaching
-Students learn in class, sometimes they can not apply outside world
-Mixed sentences are given a passage to students
-Games CLT approach often (frequently) is used.
-Many activities can be done with picture-card stories.
-There are activities in the role Desuggestopedia approach