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More than 10,000 visitorys received an assessment of their "intellectual strengths" by Francis Galton. The test was inacurate.
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France's minister of public education commissions Alfred Binet and others to devise a method to objectively discover kids with special needs in education.
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After Binet's death, Lewis Terman adapts Alfred Binet's test to use on California schoolchildren.
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William Stern proposes a method of scoring children's intelligence tests. He calculates what he called a Intelligenz-Quotient score, or IQ, as the quotient of the mental age (the age group which scored such a result on average) of the test-taker and the chronological age of the test-taker, multiplied by 100.
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The Army uses inacurate tests to determine the intelligence of their troops.
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Edward Thorndike creates the concept of social intelligence.
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Wechsler creates a new test that relies less on verbal ability.
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Raymond Cattell proposes two types of cognitive abilities in a revision of Spearman's concept of general intelligence. He proposes fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
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J.P. Guilford created the Structure of Intelligence, which states: an individual's performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence. His SI theory comprises up to 150 different intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions—Operations, Content, and Products.
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Howard Gardner publishes "Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences".
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John B. Carroll publishes "Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies", which outlines his hierarchical, Three-Stratum Theory of cognitive abilities.
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Alexander Luria's earlier work on neuropsychological processes lead to the PASS theory. It argues that only looking at one general factor is inadequate for researchers and clinicians who work with learning disabilities, attention disorders, mental retardation, and interventions for such disabilities.
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The theory model is expanded by McGrew. There are 9 broad stratum abilities and over 70 narrow abilities below these.
