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Period: to
Visual Instruction Movement
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School Museums
One of the first instructional mediums was a school museum that supplemented the teacher's instruction with visual media. -
Instuctional Films
New York adopted films for regular instructional use. -
"Books will soon be obsolete..."
Thomas Edison proclaimed "Book will soon be obsolete in the schools...It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with th motion picture. Our school system will be completely changd in the next ten years." (cited in Seattler, 1968, p. 98). This did not happen as there were difficulties operating and maintaining equipment. -
Period: to
Audiovisual Instruction Movement
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Period: to
Great Depression
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Consolidating National Professional Organizations
Now called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) -
Radio Interest
Many hailed the radio as the media that would revolutionize education. However, due to poor equipment and resistance to change, this was not realized. -
Period: to
WWII
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Filmstrip Training Troops
U.S. military showed over 4 million showings of training films. -
Overhead Projector
U.S. Military developed the overhead projector for increased training opportunities. -
4 Components of Communication
Shannon & Weaver pressed the importance of SENDER, RECEIVER, MESSAGE, and MEDIUM. -
Increased Instructional Programming
FCC set asided dedicated educational channels and the Ford Foundation provided dedicated funding for programs. -
Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)
IBM researchers developed the first CAI author language and designed one of the first school programs. Other pioneers include Gordon Pask, Richard Atkinson, and Patrick Suppes. However, CAI had little impact on education. -
Period: to
Research Designs
Control and experimental groups evaluated by posttests -
Period: to
Programmed Instruction Movement
Skinner, Mager, Bloom
Present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing -
Kirkpatrick's Training Evaluation Model
Level 1 - Reaction
Level 2 - Learning
Level 3 - Behavior
Level 4 - Results -
Period: to
Criterion-Referenced Testing Movement
Tyler, Glaser
Testing should be focused on the learning objectives and should be based on individual performance regardless of peer outcomes -
Decreased Instructional Programming
Due to ceased funding and mediocre instructional quality of the television programs. -
Gagne's Domains of Learning
Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Psychomotor Skills, Attitudes, and Cognitive Strategies -
Formative/Summative Evaluation
Scriven introduced these two emgering terms. -
Stufflebeam's CIPP Evaluation Model
Context
Input
Process
Product -
Rossi's 5-Domain Evaulation Model
(late 1970s)
Need Assessment
Theory Assessment
Implementation Assessment
Impact Assessment
Efficiency Assessment -
Patton's Utilization-Focused Evaluation (U-FE)
Only conducts evaluation is results will be used. -
Period: to
Digital Instructional Movement
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Personal Computers in the Classroom
40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the U.S. had personal computers. -
Roxanne was born
Just for context -
Commercialization of the Internet
This would lead to greater use of computers in education. -
Corporate Training Statistics
Less than 10% of the training in business was presented via technology. -
Brinkerhoff's Success Case Model
Identifies characteristics of best and worst performers and makes recommendations based on best performers. -
Corporate Training Statistics
More than 30% of the training in business was presented via technology. -
Period: to
Online Instruction
Continued increase usage of online instruction (K-12, Higher Education, Business) -
93% of Classroom have Internet Access
A drastic change from only 64% of classrooms having a computer in 1999.
