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One of the first instructional mediums was a school museum that supplemented the teacher's instruction with visual media.
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New York adopted films for regular instructional use.
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Thomas Edison proclaimed "Book will soon be obsolete in the schools...It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with th motion picture. Our school system will be completely changd in the next ten years." (cited in Seattler, 1968, p. 98). This did not happen as there were difficulties operating and maintaining equipment.
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Now called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT)
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Many hailed the radio as the media that would revolutionize education. However, due to poor equipment and resistance to change, this was not realized.
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U.S. military showed over 4 million showings of training films.
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U.S. Military developed the overhead projector for increased training opportunities.
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Shannon & Weaver pressed the importance of SENDER, RECEIVER, MESSAGE, and MEDIUM.
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FCC set asided dedicated educational channels and the Ford Foundation provided dedicated funding for programs.
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IBM researchers developed the first CAI author language and designed one of the first school programs. Other pioneers include Gordon Pask, Richard Atkinson, and Patrick Suppes. However, CAI had little impact on education.
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Control and experimental groups evaluated by posttests
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Skinner, Mager, Bloom
Present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing -
Level 1 - Reaction
Level 2 - Learning
Level 3 - Behavior
Level 4 - Results -
Tyler, Glaser
Testing should be focused on the learning objectives and should be based on individual performance regardless of peer outcomes -
Due to ceased funding and mediocre instructional quality of the television programs.
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Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Psychomotor Skills, Attitudes, and Cognitive Strategies
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Scriven introduced these two emgering terms.
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Context
Input
Process
Product -
(late 1970s)
Need Assessment
Theory Assessment
Implementation Assessment
Impact Assessment
Efficiency Assessment -
Only conducts evaluation is results will be used.
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40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the U.S. had personal computers.
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Just for context
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This would lead to greater use of computers in education.
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Less than 10% of the training in business was presented via technology.
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Identifies characteristics of best and worst performers and makes recommendations based on best performers.
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More than 30% of the training in business was presented via technology.
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Continued increase usage of online instruction (K-12, Higher Education, Business)
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A drastic change from only 64% of classrooms having a computer in 1999.
