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He concluded that some characteristics of the parents were passed on to their offspring and future generations. And stablished the three laws of inheritance.
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Darwin completed with a full theory of natural selections where species changed over the years in order to adapt to the environment, and traits would change creating new species from a same ancestor.
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Darwin writes the origin of species where he describes natural selection. It proposed the theory of natural evolution by natural selection
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At this year he publish his scientific report regarding the area, making ground breaking research.
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Haeckel predicted that genetic material was found in the cell’s nucleus.
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Miescher successfully isolated phosphate-rich chemicals from the nuclei of human white blood cells, and called it nuclein. Later proved that these chemicals existed in other species.
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Demonstrated that statistical analysis was important for biological research. The application of this knowledge in genetics allowed scientists to execute deeper and more conclusive research.
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Flemming was the first to identify the chromosomal movement in cells using analine dyes in Salamander embryos. With this dye he was able to observe cell division more clearly and visualize the threadlike material in the separation of the cell.
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Eduard Strasburgers was a cytologist which completed research in the cell cycle for plants. He enunciated one of the modern laws of plant cytology, that new nuclei can arise only from the division of other nuclei.
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Proposes an universal theory of chromosome behaviour; predicting the process of meiosis in gametes.
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Demonstrated the accuracy of Weismann’s hypothesis.
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The condensed material found in a cell’s nucleus was named chromosome.
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The book presented a quantitative study of variation amongst traits; creating biometrics.
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Analyses Mendel’s arguments on discontinuous variation; discussing the subject.
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Developed techniques to analyse statistical frequency distributions; used later for mathematical models of evolution.
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Used hybridization between two subjects as a tool for statistical analysis - as Mendel’s work had shown.
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The German botanist and geneticist, began his research based of George Mendel’s former work. Independently rediscovered the principles stated in his Mendel’s work in a separate model organism, and confirmed his theories.
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Employed the word to describe the spontaneous appearance of new traits in Oenothera plants.
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Employed the word to describe the spontaneous appearance of new traits in Oenothera plants.
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Studied the concept that chromosomes determined sex in some animal species.
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Determined that each chromosome has a unique physical trait. Demonstrated that chromosomes are found in pairs, and that each parent contributes one member of the pair; which separate during meiosis. Predicts that the unit of heredity resides in chromosomes as a physical manifestation.
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The disease is proved to be the first one to show Mendelian inheritance.
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Stated XX means female, and XY means male
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Describes the biochemical genetics of man
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Differentiation of phenotype and genotype. First use of the word gene.
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Discovery of white eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drososphila.
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Development of the first genetic map (Drosophilia).
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The first observations of deficiencies, duplications and translocations are made in Drosophilia chromosomes.
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A virus that attacks bacteria is described, bateriophage.
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Demonstration that the number of chromosomes equals the number of linkage groups.
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Direction of shell coilings of Limnea peregra are thought to be the product of the female’s ooplasm, controlled by the mother’s genotype.
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This procedure later led to the discovery that DNA is the genetic material.
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The insertion of a Kanamycin gene into a plasmid creates a correctly functioning gene. Later, genes from toad were inserted into the same plasmid, and replicated; showing that any gene can be cloned through this method.
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During this year Mullis discovered a method for amplifying DNA using a cloning procedure named polymerase chain reactions (PCR). This technique allowed the exponential amplification of DNA into many copies allowing scientists to study sequences of interests.
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This method uses the unique small sequence of DNA, mini-satellites, in and individuals genome in order to identify them. The strands of DNA are then submitted to an endonuclease which cuts corresponding fragments of mini-satellites out which are then separated through electrophoresis to create bands that matchup with a person.
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Jeremy did investigations into the mechanisms which allowed us to see colours, and this led him to discover the genes that code for color vision receptors in light sensing codes in the retina. This allowed him to conclude that variations in these genes cause color blindness.
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An expressed-sequence tag (EST) is a DNA sequence created by a portion of RNA molecule copy, all ESTs replicate sequences of genes, they were used to find genes in the genome.
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A group of french scientists developed the first genetic map that cycled all the human genome using microsatellites as markers and used restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), these were used due to the easy distinction and discovery of micro-satellites. This helped geneticist locate disease genes in chromosomes.
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The complete genome sequence of Escherichia Coli (Bacteria living in intestine of people and animal, they are an important part of healthy human intestinal tract) was published. E coli had been studied by biochemists to study the basic reaction of life and to obtain information on gene action regulation.
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The human genome is published as an estimation says there are between 35,000 and 40,000, genes. 90 percent of the sequence is done with a 99.99% accuracy.
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The completion of plasmodium falciparum in 2002 is published, the parasite which causes Malaria, it consists of 5300 genes in its genome.
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Completion of the human genome sequence. Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a DNA segment.
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Single molecule DNA sequencing enables DNA and RNA sequencing directly to biological samples, facilitating diagnostics and clinical applications.
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Works by genetically modifying a patient's own blood cells and turning them into cancer killers. Improvement into gene genetics. Doctors currently work with 3 types of gene therapies.
Replacing a mutated gene which generates diseases into a healthy copy of this gene.
Inactivating or knocking out a mutated gene.
Introducing a new gene into the body to treat a disease.