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Friedrich Miescher ( a swiss scientist) was the first to identify DNA through his study of white blood cells. He identified a material called nuclein, thus allowing the exploration of other chemical properties in DNA to begin.
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Walter Flemming was the first to identify chromosome motion during mitosis/cell division. With his formation of staining chromosomes, he was able to eventually fully describe the whole cycle of mitosis and open the pathway for the basis of chromosome theory of inheritance.
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Walter Sutton founded sperm and egg cells each recieve only one chromosome of each type. Which concluded that sperm and egg cells contain only half sets of chromosomes.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan accompanied by his team at Columbia University had proven that chromosomes carry genes, which are the units of heredity.
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum showed that genes regulate distinct chemical events. Exposure to x-ray radiation can cause mutation in certain amino acids which can in turn alter genes
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Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty and Oswald Avery proved tha DNA clarify's the chemical nature of genes by transforming the properties of cells.
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase had proven only the DNA of a virus needs to enter a bacterium inorder to infect it . This then gave strong support to the theory that genes are made of DNA.
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Arthur Kornberg and his team were the first to isolate an enzyme called DNA polymerase. This was later used to DNA sequencing and recombinant techniques.
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Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson had discovered that information from DNA (found in the nucleus) is delivered to protein-making machinery (in the cytoplasm) by a molecule called mRNA.
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Several groups of researchers had discovered the ability to manipulate DNA. These manipulations are called restriction enzymes which can cut and identify specific sequences of DNA.
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Stanford and UCSF researcher had fused a segment of DNA from an African clawed frog with a DNA from E.coli. The resultant DNA was placed into an E.coli cell where it was copied, and the gene directed production of a specific frog protein.
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Richard Roberts' and Phil Sharp discovered eukaryotic genes contain introns which are interruptions. This spilt gene discovery changed the way scientist looked at the architecture of the genome.
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By using DNA polymorphisms, a genetic marker identified a link between Huntington Disease on chromosome 4.
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Based on 400 RFLPs, the first comprehensive genetic map of human chromosomes was created. This identified variation in DNA sequences that can be observed by digesting DNA with restriction enzymes.
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The ELSI was the develoment of memebers of the U.S. Human Genome Project. They realized mapping and sequencing such information would better our world from an ethical, legal and social stand point.
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Founded by DOE, the microbial genome program was used to sequence the genomes of some bacteria . The purpose was for scientist to have a better understanding of microbial resources found on Earth.
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The National Human Genome Research Institute funded project to find efficient techniques to completely sequence the human genome.
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The completion of this map is highly valuable because humans and mice share mostly all of their genes. Further research on mice can help us grasp a greater understanding on human diseases.
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The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli was publihed. scientist believed this would help them better understand the bacterium.
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Full-scale human genome sequencing began a year and a half before originally anticipated due to the increase oh HGP's goals of sequencing 90% of the human genome to 2000.
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HGP completed the first full-length sequence of a human chromosome. This demonstrated that HGPs method of clone-by-clone sequencing was highly accurate.
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HGP completed seuquencing the second human chromosome to be fully seuquenced, chromosome 21.
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HGP had published the first analysis of the sequence of the human genome which covered about more than 90% of the genome.
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Rsearchers discovered that wo different single-nucleotide polymorphisms were linked to the disorder.
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HGP completed full sequencing of the human genome 2 years ahead of shcedule.
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The National Cancer Institute created the Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project. With a starting budget of 100 million dollars, they will map out the genomic changes amongst brain, ovarian and lung cancer.
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These iniatives provided laboratories for study and research for the analysis of genetic variation among the population. This to help better understand specific diseases and better yet how to control them.
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