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Caccination against smallpox
Edward Jenner’s use of cowpox material created immunity to smallpox. It quickly made the practice widespread. -
Humans begin the use of agriculture
Humans explored the possibilities of making food available by growing it near their shelters, so that the basic need for food could be met easily -
Creation of cheese
First example of a by-product of biotechnology -
Use of fermentation and yeast
Beginning of using microbes in order to better the quality of food. -
Mules
Earliest example of cross-breeding to benefit humans. -
Animal Domestication
Helpful because the need to hunt for animal was done away with and now animals were available to them at closer proximity, and also they did not have to deal with the dangerous conditions of hunting. It was the beginning of observation, implications, and applications of animal breeding. -
Gregor Mendel Observes the Effects of Genetics
Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these factors later called as genes, which are passed from one generation to the next. He came up with the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles, and experimented mainly of plants. His work was widely ignored however, due to the ruckus created by the theory of evolution. -
Discovery of the Nucleus of Cell
Robert Brown had discovered nucleus in cells. -
Nuclein Discovered
Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist reported nuclein, a compound that consisted of nucleic acid that he extracted from pus cells. -
Vaccination for rabies
Louis Pasteur finds a vaccine for rabies. It was another big step in the fight against human diseases. -
Chromosome becomes a Word
Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German scientist coined the term ‘Chromosome’. It is considered as an organized structure of DNA and protein present in cells or a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequences. -
Mendel’s Work Validated
Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns validated Mendel's work. -
Gene becomes a Word
It was coined by Wilhelm Johannsen. He described a ‘gene’ as carrier of heredity. Johannsen also coined the terms ‘genotype’ and ‘phenotype’. -
Eugenic Movement in USA
The US Immigration Act was used to restrict the number of poorly educated immigrants coming in from Southern and Eastern Europe, on the grounds of their suspected genetic inferiority. -
Discovery of Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming a physician discovered antibiotics, when he observed that one microorganism can be used to kill another microorganism. It was significant because it is widely used today. Without antibiotics and vaccines, there would be far less people on earth, and diseases that are easily curable today would be close to impossible to cure without antibiotics. This discovery saved many lives, and is one of the most impactful discoveries of all time, in regards to biotechnology. -
The theory of the Gene
The principle of hereditary genetics was redefined by T. H. Morgan. He has shown inheritance and the role of chromosomes in inheritance by using fruit flies. -
Discovery of bacteriophage
An electron microscope was used to discover a virus called bacteriophage. This virus infects bacteria. -
Discoverd DNA Structure
JD Watson and FHC Cricket discoverd the Double Helix . This was a historical discovery because we were finally able to gain knowledge on our genetic information. -
Discovery of DNA Polymerase
Arthur Kornberg disocvers Polymerase which led to the ability to replicate prokaryotes. He was awarded a nobel prize in 1959. -
Messenger RNA disovered
After many experiments, Brenner, Crick, Jacob, and Monod concluded that a different type of RNA was syntheziez. -
The Repressor Model
Jacob and Monod constructed a model for bacterial gene regulation. This enabled them to predict repressors that were encoded inside genes. -
Cracking the gentic code
Marshall Nrenberg managed to crack the genetic code through an experiment. He deciphered the bases of DNA, the amino acids which helped him decipher the other sequences. -
Discovery of Restrion Enzymes
Smith and Wilcox isolated the enzyme. Hindll from the bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae. Ths restriction enzyme can be used for isolating parts of DNA -
Creation of antibodies through fused cells.
Georg Kohler and Cesar Milstein managed to fuse lymphocytes cells with neoplastic mouse plasma cells to create antibodies. These antibodies enabled tissue to survive against diseases. -
FDA approves recombinent protein
The FDA has approved the first DNA drug product called insulin. This was tested and then marketed. -
First Genetically Engineered Plant
The first genetically modified plant was tobacco. It was modified to resist against anti biotics. -
First Successful Cloning of a Mammal
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned. Since then, other sheeps have been cloned from adult cells. Cloning animals has led to new therapy in humans, to prevent mitochondiral diseases to be spread from mother to child. -
Creation of a synthetic human genome
Craig Ventor created the first synthetic human genome that can be used to replicate cells by itself. This was a huge milestone in biotechnology.
