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Robert Hooke coined the term"cell" and Anton Van Leeuwenkhoek observed the first microorganisms becuase of the invention of the micorscope.
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Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk working withpea platnts, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predtict the outcome of crosses with certin traits.
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Louis Pasteur described the scientific lbasis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing fo beer, established the science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theroy, claiming that microorganisms were responisble for infectious diseases.
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Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in withie blood cells from pus in bandgaes. This later led scienctists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.
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Studying furit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes could be moved form one strain fo bacteria to another.
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Fred Griffith, using mice, proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain fo bacterica to another.
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Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today.
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Chrgaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine.
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Beadle and Tatum proposed the "One gene produces an enzyme" hypothesis. 1944 Avery, McCarty, and McLeod established that indeed DNA was the hereditary material that was transfered.
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Using there famouse "blender experiment", Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material.
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-ray crystallography that DNA was ineed a double helix.
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA.
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Hayes discovered plasmind DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.
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Wa;ter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA.
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Rrber, Nathans and Smith discovered bacterial resriction enzymes that cut DNA.
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 codons (the triplet code of 3 bases DNA) that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purified by vinograd.
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Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the beacterium Escherichia coli.
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Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen.
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Genentech, the world's first genetic engineering company, was founded.
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140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer.
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Sanger Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E.coli.
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Botstien found that one could be indentified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).
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Louise Joy Brown was born. the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb.
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The U.S. Supreme court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. This resulted in a huge start up of bitoctech companird.
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Ohio University scientist made the first transgenic animnals.
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Eli Lilly Company placed human insulin gene inside bacteria.
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium- medicated gene transfer.
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Kay Mullis invented polymerase chian reactions to amplify DNA in the laboratory.
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Jeffries aapplied RFLP in DNA profilling to th study of criminal cases.
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An automated fluorescene sequencer was invented, speeding the labor-intense process.
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genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun.
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NIH revised saftey guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in greenhouses and animals raised in barns
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Andre Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in worm C. elegans
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Kohler, Milstein, and jerne used monocolonal antibody (MAb) technology.
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Mynard Olson and colleagues at Washingion University invented " yeast artficical chromosomes", or YAC's which are expressions vectors for large proteins,
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep form an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institude in Scotland.
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DNa microarry (DNA chip) technology, looking at the experssion of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscoe slide or silicon chip, was developed.
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Dabri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capibility of sequenceing 76,800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the Human Genome Project.
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Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression.
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Announcment was made of the completion of the Human Genome Project (initaited in 1990) by Francis Collins and Craig Venter. The project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
