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Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms
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Gregor Mendel and Austrian monk working with pea plants to try to prefict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Johann Miescher found nucleic acin in white blood cells, this led to the beliefe DNA might be in the inheritable material of an organism.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes
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Fred Griffith proved genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another
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Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotech drugs today
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Chargaff showed the number of units of adenine equaled thumine and the number of units of cytosine equaled guanine.
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Proposed the "One gene produces one enzyme", in 1944 scientists established the is was hereditary material that was transferred
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Hershey and Chase proved ciruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material
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Established through X-ray crytallography that DNA was a double helix
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Watson and Crick discovered the stucture of DNA
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Hayes discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
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Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNAS
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Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 condons that code for the 20 amino acids making up protein
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Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transforming of the bacterium 'Escherichia coli'
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Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen
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Genetech, the world's first genetic engineering company, was founded
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140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms.
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Found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA they were able to read the correct order of bases.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli
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Bostein found that one could be identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes.
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The first child born resulting from in vitro fertilization
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Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals
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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented.
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Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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transformed plants with 'Agrobacterium'-mediated gene transfer
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Jefferies applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
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Kary Mullis invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the laboratory
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AN automated fluoresence sequencer was invented.
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Genes were moved into an organism through that use of a gene gun
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NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in greenhouses and animals raised in barns.
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Discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes. om the worm, C. elegans
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Used monoclonal antibody technology
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Invented "yeast artificial chromosomes" or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.
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DNA microarrary technology, looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed.
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Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour.
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Breaker coined the term roboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gen expression
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The completion of the Human Genome Project. Project provided the ability to find genes that gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
