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Before DNA
Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms -
Outcome of crosses
Gregor Mendel and Austrian monk working with pea plants to try to prefict the outcome of crosses with certain traits. -
The beliefe of DNA
Johann Miescher found nucleic acin in white blood cells, this led to the beliefe DNA might be in the inheritable material of an organism. -
Studying Fruit Flies
Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes -
Mice testing
Fred Griffith proved genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another -
Isolating penicillin from fungus
Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotech drugs today -
DNA strands
Chargaff showed the number of units of adenine equaled thumine and the number of units of cytosine equaled guanine. -
Transferred Material
Proposed the "One gene produces one enzyme", in 1944 scientists established the is was hereditary material that was transferred -
Famous Bleder Experiment
Hershey and Chase proved ciruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material -
Double Helix
Established through X-ray crytallography that DNA was a double helix -
Discovery of DNA structure
Watson and Crick discovered the stucture of DNA -
Plasmid DNA
Hayes discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria -
RNA
Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNAS -
Bacterial Restriction
Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA -
Condons Discovered
Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 condons that code for the 20 amino acids making up protein -
Escherichia coli
Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transforming of the bacterium 'Escherichia coli' -
Cloning
Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen -
Genetech
Genetech, the world's first genetic engineering company, was founded -
Recombinant DNA
140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. -
Sequence DNA
Found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA they were able to read the correct order of bases. -
Synthetic Insulin
Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli -
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Bostein found that one could be identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. -
Louise Joy Brown
The first child born resulting from in vitro fertilization -
transgenic animals
Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals -
Huge start up for biotech companies
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. -
Human Insulin Gene
Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria -
Agrobacterium
transformed plants with 'Agrobacterium'-mediated gene transfer -
Criminal Cases
Jefferies applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases -
polymerase chain reaction
Kary Mullis invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the laboratory -
Speeding up labor-intense process
AN automated fluoresence sequencer was invented. -
Gene gun
Genes were moved into an organism through that use of a gene gun -
Safety guidelines
NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in greenhouses and animals raised in barns. -
Fire and Mello
Discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes. om the worm, C. elegans -
Kohler, Milstein and Jerne
Used monoclonal antibody technology -
Washington University
Invented "yeast artificial chromosomes" or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins -
Cloning
Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. -
Microarrary technology
DNA microarrary technology, looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed. -
Automated DNA Sequencer
Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour. -
Roboswitch
Breaker coined the term roboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gen expression -
Human Genome Project
The completion of the Human Genome Project. Project provided the ability to find genes that gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
